How is associative memory like a spider web?
> Calvin Corporation’s office was burglarized. The thieves stole 10 laptop computers and other electronic equipment. The lost assets had an original cost of $35,000 and accumulated tax depreciation of $19,400. Calvin received an insurance reimbursement of
> Firm R owned depreciable real property subject to a $300,000 nonrecourse mortgage. The property’s FMV is only $250,000. Consequently, the firm surrendered the property to the creditor rather than continuing to service the mortgage. At date of surrender,
> Five years ago, Firm SJ purchased land for $100,000 with $10,000 of its own funds and $90,000 borrowed from a commercial bank. The bank holds a recourse mortgage on the land. For each of the following independent transactions, compute SJ’s positive or ne
> Company L sold an inventory item to Firm M for $40,000. Company L’s marginal tax rate is 21 percent. In each of the following cases, compute Company L’s after-tax cash flow from the sale: a. Firm M’s payment consisted of $10,000 cash and its note for $30
> A taxpayer owned 1,000 shares of common stock in Barlo Corporation, which manufactures automobile parts. The taxpayer’s cost basis in the stock was $82,700. Last week, Barlo declared bankruptcy, and its board of directors issued a news release that Barlo
> Six years ago, Corporation CN purchased a business and capitalized $200,000 of the purchase price as goodwill. Through this year, CN has deducted $74,000 amortization with respect to this goodwill. At the end of the year, CN sold the business for $2 mill
> Company J must choose between two alternate business expenditures. Expenditure 1 would require a $80,000 cash outlay, and Expenditure 2 requires a $60,000 cash outlay. Determine the marginal tax rate at which the after-tax cash flows from the two expendi
> Firm P, a non corporate taxpayer, purchased residential realty in 1985 for $1 million. This year it sold the realty for $450,000. Through date of sale, Firm P deducted $814,000 accelerated depreciation on the realty. Straight-line depreciation would have
> Eleven years ago, Lynn Inc. purchased a warehouse for $315,000. This year, the corporation sold the warehouse to Firm D for $80,000 cash and D’s assumption of a $225,000 mortgage. Through date of sale, Lynn deducted $92,300 straight-line depreciation on
> Corporation Q, a calendar year taxpayer, has incurred the following Section 1231 net gains and losses since its formation in 2015. a. In 2018, Corporation Q sold only one asset and recognized a $4,000 Section 1231 gain. How much of this gain is treated
> Since its formation, Roof Corporation has incurred the following net Section 1231 gains and losses. a. In year 4, Roof sold only one asset and recognized a $7,500 net Section 1231 gain. How much of this gain is treated as capital gain, and how much is
> EzTech, a calendar year accrual basis corporation, generated $994,300 ordinary income from its business this year. It also sold the following assets, all of which were held for more than 12 months. EzTech used the straight-line method to calculate depr
> This year, Sigma Inc. generated $612,000 income from its routine business operations. In addition, the corporation sold the following assets, all of which were held for more than 12 months. a. Compute Sigma’s taxable income assuming t
> Firm CS performed consulting services for Company P. The two parties agreed that Company P would pay for the services by transferring investment securities to Firm CS. At date of transfer, the securities had a $38,500 FMV. Company P’s tax basis in the se
> This year, QIO Company generated $192,400 income from its routine business operations. In addition, it sold the following assets, all of which were held for more than 12 months. Compute QIO’s taxable income. Initial Acc. Sale Basi
> This year, Zeron Company generated $87,200 income from the performance of services for its clients. It also sold several assets during the year. Compute Zeron’s taxable income under each of the following alternative assumptions about the tax consequences
> Lemon Corporation generated $324,600 of income from ordinary business operations. It also sold several assets during the year. Compute Lemon’s taxable income under each of the following alternative assumptions about the tax consequences of the asset sale
> Firm E must choose between two alternative transactions. Transaction 1 requires a $9,000 cash outlay that would be nondeductible in the computation of taxable income. Transaction 2 requires a $13,500 cash outlay that would be a deductible expense. Determ
> In its first year, Firm KZ recognized $427,300 ordinary business income and a $13,590 loss on the sale of an investment asset. In its second year, Firm KZ recognized $500,800 ordinary business income, a $19,300 Section 1231 gain, and a $7,400 Section 123
> In its first taxable year, Band Corporation recognized $957,500 ordinary business income and a $5,500 capital loss. In its second taxable year, Band recognized $1,220,000 ordinary business income, a $12,500 Section 1231 loss, and a $2,000 capital gain. a
> Zeno Inc. sold two capital assets in 2018. The first sale resulted in a $53,000 capital loss, and the second sale resulted in a $25,600 capital gain. Zeno was incorporated in 2014, and its tax records provide the following information. 2014 2015 201
> Alto Corporation sold two capital assets this year. The first sale resulted in a $13,000 capital gain, and the second sale resulted in a $41,000 capital loss. Alto was incorporated five years ago. Four years ago, Alto recognized $5,000 of net capital gai
> This year, PRS Corporation generated $300,000 income from the performance of consulting services for its clients. It sold two assets during the year, recognizing a $36,000 gain on the first sale and a $49,000 loss on the second sale. Compute PRS’s taxabl
> Koil Corporation generated $718,400 ordinary income from the sale of inventory to its customers. It also sold three non inventory assets during the year. Compute Koil’s taxable income assuming that: a. The first sale resulted in a $45,000 capital gain, t
> Several years ago, PTR purchased business equipment for $50,000. PTR’s accumulated book depreciation with respect to the equipment is $37,200, and its accumulated tax depreciation is $41,000. a. Compute PTR’s book and tax basis in the equipment. b. Using
> Shenandoah Skies is the name of an oil painting by artist Kara Lee. In each of the following cases, determine the amount and character of the taxpayer’s gain or loss on sale of the painting. a. The taxpayer is Kara Lee, who sold her painting to the Relle
> Four years ago, Firm RD paid $468,000 for 12 acres of undeveloped land. This year, the firm sold the land for $1 million. What is the character of RD’s $532,000 recognized gain under each of the following assumptions? a. RD improved the land by adding ro
> Firm J, an accrual basis taxpayer, recorded a $40,000 account receivable on the sale of an asset on credit. Its basis in the asset was $33,000. Two months after the asset sale, Firm J sold the receivable to a local bank for $38,000. a. Assuming that the
> Investor B has $100,000 in an investment paying 9 percent taxable interest per annum. Each year B incurs $825 of expenses relating to this investment. Compute B’s annual net cash flow assuming the following: a. B’s marginal tax rate is 10 percent, and th
> Silo Inc. sold investment land to PPR Inc. for $110,000 cash. Silo’s basis in the land was $145,000. Mr. and Mrs. J own 100 percent of the stock of both corporations. a. What is PPR’s tax basis in the land purchased from Silo? b. PPR holds the land as an
> Firm J sold marketable securities to Company B. Firm J’s tax basis in the securities was $45,250. Compute Firm J’s recognized gain or loss if: a. The selling price was $60,000, and Firm J and Company B are unrelated parties. b. The selling price was $60,
> Refer to the facts in the preceding problem but assume that Aldo’s basis in the investment land was $100,000 rather than $61,000. a. Compute Aldo’s recognized loss in year 1. b. In year 4, Aldo pledged the note received from the purchaser as partial coll
> In year 1, Aldo sold investment land with a $61,000 tax basis for $95,000. Payment consisted of $15,000 cash down and the purchaser’s note for $80,000. The note is being paid in 10 annual installments of $8,000, beginning in year 2. a. Compute Aldo’s rec
> In year 1, Maxim sold investment land with a tax basis of $77,000. Payment consisted of $10,000 cash down and the purchaser’s note for $90,000. The note is payable in equal installments of $45,000 in years 2 and 3. a. Compute Maxim’s realized gain on the
> Refer to the facts in the preceding problem. a. Compute the difference between TPW’s book and tax income resulting from the installment sale method. b. Is this difference favorable or unfavorable? c. Using a 21 percent tax rate, determine the effect of t
> Lento Inc. owned machinery with a $30,000 initial cost basis. Accumulated book depreciation with respect to the machinery was $12,000, and accumulated tax depreciation was $19,100. Lento sold the machinery for $13,000 cash. Lento’s marginal tax rate is 2
> In year 0, Jarmex paid $55,000 for an overhaul of a tangible operating asset. Jarmex has a 21 percent marginal tax rate and uses a 7 percent discount rate to compute NPV. a. Compute the after-tax cost of the overhaul if Jarmex can deduct the $55,000 paym
> Hansen Company, a cash basis taxpayer, paid $50,000 for an asset in year 0. Assume it can deduct one-half of the cost in year 0 and the remainder in year 1. Assume a 21 percent tax rate and 8 percent discount rate. a. Calculate the net present value of H
> Refer to the facts in problem 6. Now assume that Firm A borrowed $50,000 to purchase the asset. In each year, it paid $3,800 annual interest on the debt. The interest payments were deductible. a. How does this change in facts affect Firm A’s net cash flo
> Taxpayer Y, who has a 30 percent marginal tax rate, invested $65,000 in a bond that pays 8 percent annual interest. Compute Y’s annual net cash flow from this investment assuming that: a. The interest is tax-exempt income. b. The interest is taxable inco
> Mr. JK, a U.S. citizen and resident of Vermont, owns 100 percent of the stock of JK Services, which is incorporated under Vermont law and conducts business in four counties in the state. JK Services owns 100 percent of the stock of JK Realty, which is in
> What is cognitive dissonance?
> Explain the difference between a need and a want.
> How does learning new information make it more likely that we’ll forget things we’ve already learned?
> How do different types of reinforcement enhance learning? How does the strategy of frequency marketing relate to conditioning?
> Describe three types of motivational conflicts, citing an example of each from current marketing campaigns.
> Name the two basic measures of memory and describe how they differ from one another.
> What is motivation and why is this idea so important to marketers?
> If a consumer is familiar with a product, advertising for it can work both ways by either enhancing or diminishing recall. Why?
> What are the major differences between the positivist and interpretivist paradigms in consumer research?
> A group of psychologists argued that we need to revise Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. They propose we should delete “self-actualization” from the pinnacle and replace it with “parenting.” Right below this peak, they added “mate retention” and “mate acquisi
> This chapter states “people often buy products not for what they do but for what they mean. “ Explain the meaning of this statement and provide an example.
> List the three types of memory, and explain how they work together.
> What are some strategies marketers can use to increase consumers’ involvement with their products?
> Give an example of an episodic memory.
> What is popular culture, and how does this concept relate to marketing and consumer behavior?
> How can marketers use repetition to increase the likelihood that consumers will learn about their brand?
> What is the major difference between behavioral and cognitive theories of learning?
> What is the difference between classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning?
> What is role theory, and how does it help us to understand consumer behavior?
> What is market segmentation? Give three examples of market segments.
> Many college students “share” music by downloading clips from the Internet. Interview at least five people who have downloaded at least one song or movie without paying for it. Do they feel they are stealing? What explanations do they offer for this beha
> Give an example of a halo effect in marketing.
> What is the difference between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus?
> Describe a multi-attribute attitude model, listing its key components.
> According to balance theory, how can we tell if a triad is balanced or unbalanced? How can consumers restore balance to an unbalanced triad?
> What is the foot-in-the-door technique? How does self-perception theory relate to this effect?
> We sometimes enhance our attitude toward a product after we buy it. How does the theory of cognitive dissonance explain this change?
> List the three hierarchies of attitudes, and describe the major differences among them.
> Describe the ABC model of attitudes.
> What is an avatar, and why might an advertiser choose to use one instead of hiring a celebrity endorser?
> Describe the Theory of Reasoned Action. Why might it not be equally valuable when it is applied to non-Western cultures?
> Does money buy happiness? Why or why not?
> Describe the Elaboration Likelihood Model, and summarize how it relates to the relative importance of what is said versus how it’s said.
> What are three obstacles to predicting behavior even if we know a person’s attitudes?
> What is a subjective norm, and how does it influence our attitudes?
> Do humorous ads work and if so under what conditions?
> How does the Two-Factor Theory explain the effects of message repetition on attitude change?
> When should a marketer present a message visually versus verbally?
> Marketers must decide whether to incorporate rational or emotional appeals in a communications strategy. Describe conditions that are more favorable to one or the other.
> How can marketers stay on top of changes in lifesyle trends?
> How does Freud’s work on the the unconscious mind relate to marketing practice?
> How did tattoos originate?
> Define a schema and provide an example of how this concept is relevant to marketing.
> How do Eastern and Western cultures tend to differ in terms of how people think about the self?
> What does “the looking glass self” mean?
> Have ideals of beauty in the United States changed over the last 50 years? If so, how?
> How might the “digital self” differ from a consumer’s self-concept in the real world, and why is this difference potentially important to marketers?
> Compare and contrast the real versus the ideal self. List three products for which a person is likely to use each type of self as a reference point when he or she considers a purchase.
> Describe two factors that can lead to stimulus adaptation.
> What is a positioning strategy? What are some ways marketers can position their products? A positioning strategy is a fundamental part of a company’s marketing efforts as it uses elements of the marketing mix (i.e., product design, price, distribution, a
> What do we mean by the concept of augmented reality? Give an example that is not discussed in the chapter. How does this concept differ from virtual reality?
> What is greenwashing, and why is it a problem for marketers?
> Why is market access an important aspect of consumer well-being? What are some important reasons why consumers can experience limited market access?
> Visit www.izod.com. Is a multi-attribute model a good one to apply to this product to explain how attitudes are formed? Why or why not? Suggest an alternative model.
> What is the primary difference between transformative consumer research and other kinds of consumer research?
> Does subliminal perception work? Why or why not?
> Define hedonic consumption and provide an example.
> State two important criticisms of marketing and provide the pros and cons for each.
> How does the sense of touch influence consumers’ reactions to products?
