Question: If there is a net force on

> A 1125-kg car and a 2250-kg pickup truck approach a curve on a highway that has a radius of 225 m. (a) At what angle should the highway engineer bank this curve so that vehicles traveling at 65.0 mi/h can safely round it regardless of the condition of th

> A flat (unbanked) curve on a highway has a radius of 170.0 m. A car rounds the curve at a speed of 25.0 m/s. (a) What is the minimum coefficient of static friction that will prevent sliding? (b) Suppose that the highway is icy and the coefficient of stat

> A small model car with mass m travels at constant speed on the inside of a track that is a vertical circle with radius 5.00 m (Fig. E5.45). If the normal force exerted by the track on the car when it is at the bottom of the track (point A) is equal to 2.

> A manual for student pilots contains this passage: “When an airplane flies at a steady altitude, neither climbing nor descending, the upward lift force from the wings equals the plane’s weight. When the plane is climbing at a steady rate, the upward lift

> A crate of books rests on a level floor. To move it along the floor at a constant velocity, why do you exert less force if you pull it at an angle u above the horizontal than if you push it at the same angle below the horizontal?

> Boxes A and B are in contact on a horizontal, frictionless surface. You push on box A with a horizontal 100-N force (Fig. Q4.31). Box A weighs 150 N, and box B weighs 50 N. Is the force that box A exerts on box B equal to 100 N, greater than 100 N, or le

> Consider a tug-of-war between two people who pull in opposite directions on the ends of a rope. By Newton’s third law, the force that A exerts on B is just as great as the force that B exerts on A. So what determines who wins?

> A small compact car is pushing a large van that has broken down, and they travel along the road with equal velocities and accelerations. While the car is speeding up, is the force it exerts on the van larger than, smaller than, or the same magnitude as t

> To push a box up a ramp, which requires less force: pushing horizontally or pushing parallel to the ramp? Why?

> If there is a net nonzero force on a moving object, can the total work done on the object be zero? Explain, using an example.

> You drive a car up a steep hill at constant speed. Discuss all of the forces that act on the car. What pushes it up the hill?

> The sign of many physical quantities depends on the choice of coordinates. For example, ay for free-fall motion can be negative or positive, depending on whether we choose upward or downward as positive. Is the same true of work? In other words, can we m

> “In general, the normal force is not equal to the weight.” Give an example in which these two forces are equal in magnitude, and at least two examples in which they are not.

> A man sits in a seat that is hanging from a rope. The rope passes over a pulley suspended from the ceiling, and the man holds the other end of the rope in his hands. What is the tension in the rope, and what force does the seat exert on him? Draw a free

> A large crate is suspended from the end of a vertical rope. Is the tension in the rope greater when the crate is at rest or when it is moving upward at constant speed? If the crate is traveling upward, is the tension in the rope greater when the crate is

> Compared with the force her neck exerts on her head during the landing, the force her head exerts on her neck is (a) the same; (b) greater; (c) smaller; (d) greater during the first half of the landing and smaller during the second half of the landing.

> A large crate sits on the floor of a warehouse. Paul and Bob apply constant horizontal forces to the crate. The force applied by Paul has magnitude 48.0 N and direction 61.0° south of west. How much work does Paul’s force do during a displacement of the

> You tie a brick to the end of a rope and whirl the brick around you in a horizontal circle. Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let go of the rope.

> If the two ends of a rope in equilibrium are pulled with forces of equal magnitude and opposite directions, why isn’t the total tension in the rope zero?

> When you fly in an airplane at night in smooth air, you have no sensation of motion, even though the plane may be moving at 800 km/h (500 mi/h). Why?

> A large truck and a small compact car have a head-on collision. During the collision, the truck exerts a force

> True or false? You exert a push P on an object and it pushes back on you with a force F. If the object is moving at constant velocity, then F is equal to P, but if the object is being accelerated, then P must be greater than F.

> Why are cars designed to crumple in front and back for safety? Why not for side collisions and rollovers?

> Suppose you are in a rocket with no windows, traveling in deep space far from other objects. Without looking outside the rocket or making any contact with the outside world, explain how you could determine whether the rocket is (a) moving forward at a co

> A person can dive into water from a height of 10 m without injury, but a person who jumps off the roof of a 10-m-tall building and lands on a concrete street is likely to be seriously injured. Why is there a difference?

> When a string barely strong enough lifts a heavy weight, it can lift the weight by a steady pull; but if you jerk the string, it will break. Explain in terms of Newton’s laws of motion.

> In a head-on auto collision, passengers who are not wearing seat belts may be thrown through the windshield. Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain why this happens.

> “It’s not the fall that hurts you; it’s the sudden stop at the bottom.” Translate this saying into the language of Newton’s laws of motion.

> If you squat down (such as when you examine the books on a bottom shelf) and then suddenly get up, you may temporarily feel light-headed. What do Newton’s laws of motion have to say about why this happens?

> If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove some of the excess water by shaking them. Why does this work?

> You can play catch with a softball in a bus moving with constant speed on a straight road, just as though the bus were at rest. Is this still possible when the bus is making a turn at constant speed on a level road? Why or why not?

> The acceleration of a falling body is measured in an elevator that is traveling upward at a constant speed of 9.8 m/s. What value is obtained?

> Some students refer to the quantity m

> Does Newton’s second law hold true for an observer in a van as it speeds up, slows down, or rounds a corner? Explain.

> When a car comes to a stop on a level highway, what force causes it to slow down? When the car increases its speed on the same highway, what force causes it to speed up? Explain.

> When a batted baseball moves with air drag, when does the ball travel a greater horizontal distance? (i) While climbing to its maximum height; (ii) while descending from its maximum height back to the ground; (iii) the same for both? Explain in terms of

> Why can it hurt your foot more to kick a big rock than a small pebble? Must the big rock hurt more? Explain.

> A ball is dropped from rest and feels air resistance as it falls. Which of the graphs in Fig. Q5.26 best represents its vertical velocity component as a function of time? Fig. Q5.26: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

> A horse is hitched to a wagon. Since the wagon pulls back on the horse just as hard as the horse pulls on the wagon, why doesn’t the wagon remain in equilibrium, no matter how hard the horse pulls?

> Why is it incorrect to say that 1.0 kg equals 2.2 lb?

> Which feels a greater pull due to the earth’s gravity: a 10-kg stone or a 20-kg stone? If you drop the two stones, why doesn’t the 20-kg stone fall with twice the acceleration of the 10-kg stone? Explain.

> A car speeds up while the engine delivers constant power. Is the acceleration greater at the beginning of this process or at the end? Explain.

> An advertisement for a portable electrical generating unit claims that the unit’s diesel engine produces 28,000 hp to drive an electrical generator that produces 30 MW of electrical power. Is this possible? Explain.

> To keep the forces on the riders within allowable limits, many loop-the-loop roller coaster rides are designed so that the loop is not a perfect circle but instead has a larger radius of curvature at the bottom than at the top. Explain.

> A professor swings a rubber stopper in a horizontal circle on the end of a string in front of his class. He tells Caroline, in the front row, that he is going to let the string go when the stopper is directly in front of her face. Should Caroline worry?

> The centrifugal force is not included in the free-body diagrams of Figs. 5.34b and 5.35. Explain why not. Figs. 5.34b: Figs. 5.35b: (a) Car rounding banked curve (b) Free-body diagram for car Normal to road is at Y same angle from the vertical as

> Time yourself while running up a flight of steps, and compute the average rate at which you do work against the force of gravity. Express your answer in watts and in horsepower.

> Why is the earth only approximately an inertial reference frame?

> Students sometimes say that the force of gravity on an object is 9.8 m/s2. What is wrong with this view?

> A truck speeding down the highway has a lot of kinetic energy relative to a stopped state trooper but no kinetic energy relative to the truck driver. In these two frames of reference, is the same amount of work required to stop the truck? Explain.

> A net force acts on an object and accelerates it from rest to a speed v1. In doing so, the force does an amount of work W1. By what factor must the work done on the object be increased to produce three times the final speed, with the object again startin

> When you stand with bare feet in a wet bathtub, the grip feels fairly secure, and yet a catastrophic slip is quite possible. Explain this in terms of the two coefficients of friction.

> Suppose you chose the fundamental physical quantities to be force, length, and time instead of mass, length, and time. What would be the units of mass in terms of those fundamental quantities?

> Does a car’s kinetic energy change more when the car speeds up from 10 to 15 m/s or from 15 to 20 m/s? Explain.

> A ball thrown straight up has zero velocity at its highest point. Is the ball in equilibrium at this point? Why or why not?

> Some people say that the “force of inertia” (or “force of momentum”) throws the passengers forward when a car brakes sharply. What is wrong with this explanation?

> A woman in an elevator lets go of her briefcase, but it does not fall to the floor. How is the elevator moving?

> A passenger in a moving bus with no windows notices that a ball that has been at rest in the aisle suddenly starts to move toward the rear of the bus. Think of two possible explanations, and devise a way to decide which is correct.

> A rope tied to a body is pulled, causing the body to accelerate. But according to Newton’s third law, the body pulls back on the rope with a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction. Is the total work done then zero? If so, how can the body’s kine

> For medical reasons, astronauts in outer space must determine their body mass at regular intervals. Devise a scheme for measuring body mass in an apparently weightless environment.

> If it takes total work W to give an object a speed v and kinetic energy K, starting from rest, what will be the object’s speed (in terms of v) and kinetic energy (in terms of K) if we do twice as much work on it, again starting from rest?

> A clothesline hangs between two poles. No matter how tightly the line is stretched, it sags a little at the center. Explain why.

> An elevator is hoisted by its cables at constant speed. Is the total work done on the elevator positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

> Can a body be in equilibrium when only one force acts on it? Explain.

> For a physics lab experiment, four classmates run up the stairs from the basement to the top floor of their physics building—a vertical distance of 16.0 m. The classmates and their masses are: Tatiana, 50.2 kg; Bill, 68.2 kg; Ricardo, 8

> In a physics lab experiment, one end of a horizontal spring that obeys Hooke’s law is attached to a wall. The spring is compressed 0.400 m, and a block with mass 0.300 kg is attached to it. The spring is then released, and the block mov

> Figure P6.90 shows the results of measuring the force F exerted on both ends of a rubber band to stretch it a distance x from its unstretched position. (Source: www.sciencebuddies.org) The data points are well fit by the equation F = 33.55x0.4871, where

> The human heart is a powerful and extremely reliable pump. Each day it takes in and discharges about 7500 L of blood. Assume that the work done by the heart is equal to the work required to lift this amount of blood a height equal to that of the average

> In a head-on collision between a compact 1000-kg car and a large 2500-kg car, which one experiences the greater force? Explain. Which one experiences the greater acceleration? Explain why. Why are passengers in the small car more likely to be injured tha

> An object has several forces acting on it. One of these forces is

> A physics student spends part of her day walking between classes or for recreation, during which time she expends energy at an average rate of 280 W. The remainder of the day she is sitting in class, studying, or resting; during these activities, she exp

> The Grand Coulee Dam is 1270 m long and 170 m high. The electrical power output from generators at its base is approximately 2000 MW. How many cubic meters of water must flow from the top of the dam per second to produce this amount of power if 92% of th

> A pump is required to lift 800 kg of water (about 210 gallons) per minute from a well 14.0 m deep and eject it with a speed of 18.0 m/s. (a) How much work is done per minute in lifting the water? (b) How much work is done in giving the water the kinetic

> All birds, independent of their size, must maintain a power output of 10–25 watts per kilogram of body mass in order to fly by flapping their wings. (a) The Andean giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas) has mass 70 g and flaps its wings 10 times per second w

> On an essentially frictionless, horizontal ice rink, a skater moving at 3.0 m/s encounters a rough patch that reduces her speed to 1.65 m/s due to a friction force that is 25% of her weight. Use the work–energy theorem to find the length of this rough pa

> Consider the system shown in Fig. P6.81. The rope and pulley have negligible mass, and the pulley is frictionless. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 8.00-kg block and the tabletop is

> Consider the system shown in Fig. P6.81. The rope and pulley have negligible mass, and the pulley is frictionless. Initially the 6.00-kg block is moving downward and the 8.00-kg block is moving to the right, both with a speed of 0.900 m/s. The blocks com

> A physics professor is pushed up a ramp inclined upward at 30.0° above the horizontal as she sits in her desk chair, which slides on frictionless rollers. The combined mass of the professor and chair is 85.0 kg. She is pushed 2.50 m along the incline by

> A 5.00-kg block is moving at v0 = 6.00 m/s along a frictionless, horizontal surface toward a spring with force constant k = 500 N/m that is attached to a wall (Fig. P6.79). The spring has negligible mass. (a) Find the maximum distance the spring will be

> When a car stops suddenly, the passengers tend to move forward relative to their seats. Why? When a car makes a sharp turn, the passengers tend to slide to one side of the car. Why?

> A crate slides up an inclined ramp and then slides down the ramp after momentarily stopping near the top. There is kinetic friction between the surface of the ramp and the crate. Which is greater? (i) The crate’s acceleration going up the ramp; (ii) the

> One end of a horizontal spring with force constant 76.0 N/m is attached to a vertical post. A 2.00-kg block of frictionless ice is attached to the other end and rests on the floor. The spring is initially neither stretched nor compressed. A constant hori

> One end of a horizontal spring with force constant 130.0 N/m is attached to a vertical wall. A 4.00-kg block sitting on the floor is placed against the spring. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor is

> The spring of a spring gun has force constant k = 400 N/m and negligible mass. The spring is compressed 6.00 cm, and a ball with mass 0.0300 kg is placed in the horizontal barrel against the compressed spring. The spring is then released, and the ball is

> A 2.50-kg textbook is forced against a horizontal spring of negligible mass and force constant 250 N/m, compressing the spring a distance of 0.250 m. When released, the textbook slides on a horizontal tabletop with coefficient of kinetic friction

> You and your bicycle have combined mass 80.0 kg. When you reach the base of a bridge, you are traveling along the road at 5.00 m/s (Fig. P6.74). At the top of the bridge, you have climbed a vertical distance of 5.20 m and slowed to 1.50 m>s. Ignore wo

> You are asked to design spring bumpers for the walls of a parking garage. A freely rolling 1200-kg car moving at 0.65 m/s is to compress the spring no more than 0.090 m before stopping. What should be the force constant of the spring? Assume that the spr

> A proton with mass 1.67 × 10-27 kg is propelled at an initial speed of 3.00 × 105 m/s directly toward a uranium nucleus 5.00 m away. The proton is repelled by the uranium nucleus with a force of magnitude F = a/x2, where x is the separation between the t

> A small block with a mass of 0.0600 kg is attached to a cord passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal surface (Fig. P6.71). The block is originally revolving at a distance of 0.40 m from the hole with a speed of 0.70 m>s. The cord is then

> Consider a spring that does not obey Hooke’s law very faithfully. One end of the spring is fixed. To keep the spring stretched or compressed an amount x, a force along the x-axis with x-component Fx = kx - bx2 + cx3 must be applied to the free end. Here

> A box is sliding with a speed of 4.50 m/s on a horizontal surface when, at point P, it encounters a rough section. The coefficient of friction there is not constant; it starts at 0.100 at P and increases linearly with distance past P, reaching a value of

> When a car is hit from behind, the occupants may experience whiplash. Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain what causes this result.

> A net force along the x-axis that has x-component Fx = -12.0 N + (0.300 N/m2)x2 is applied to a 5.00-kg object that is initially at the origin and moving in the -x-direction with a speed of 6.00 m/s. What is the speed of the object when it reaches the po

> When a car is hit from behind, its passengers undergo sudden forward acceleration, which can cause a severe neck injury known as whiplash. During normal acceleration, the neck muscles play a large role in accelerating the head so that the bones are not i

> A 5.00-kg package slides 2.80 m down a long ramp that is inclined at 24.0° below the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the package and the ramp is mk = 0.310. Calculate (a) the work done on the package by friction; (b) the work done

> Consider the blocks in Exercise 6.7 as they move 75.0 cm. Find the total work done on each one (a) if there is no friction between the table and the 20.0-N block, and (b) if

> While doing a chin-up, a man lifts his body 0.40 m. (a) How much work must the man do per kilogram of body mass? (b) The muscles involved in doing a chin-up can generate about 70 J of work per kilogram of muscle mass. If the man can just barely do a 0.40

> A luggage handler pulls a 20.0-kg suitcase up a ramp inclined at 32.0° above the horizontal by a force

> A balky cow is leaving the barn as you try harder and harder to push her back in. In coordinates with the origin at the barn door, the cow walks from x = 0 to x = 6.9 m as you apply a force with x-component Fx = -[20.0 N +(3.0 N/m)x]. How much work does

> You are an engineer working for a manufacturing company. You are designing a mechanism that uses a cable to drag heavy metal blocks a distance of 8.00 m along a ramp that is sloped at 40.0° above the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction betwee