Question: The human heart is a powerful and

> When you fly in an airplane at night in smooth air, you have no sensation of motion, even though the plane may be moving at 800 km/h (500 mi/h). Why?

> A large truck and a small compact car have a head-on collision. During the collision, the truck exerts a force

> True or false? You exert a push P on an object and it pushes back on you with a force F. If the object is moving at constant velocity, then F is equal to P, but if the object is being accelerated, then P must be greater than F.

> Why are cars designed to crumple in front and back for safety? Why not for side collisions and rollovers?

> Suppose you are in a rocket with no windows, traveling in deep space far from other objects. Without looking outside the rocket or making any contact with the outside world, explain how you could determine whether the rocket is (a) moving forward at a co

> A person can dive into water from a height of 10 m without injury, but a person who jumps off the roof of a 10-m-tall building and lands on a concrete street is likely to be seriously injured. Why is there a difference?

> When a string barely strong enough lifts a heavy weight, it can lift the weight by a steady pull; but if you jerk the string, it will break. Explain in terms of Newton’s laws of motion.

> In a head-on auto collision, passengers who are not wearing seat belts may be thrown through the windshield. Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain why this happens.

> “It’s not the fall that hurts you; it’s the sudden stop at the bottom.” Translate this saying into the language of Newton’s laws of motion.

> If you squat down (such as when you examine the books on a bottom shelf) and then suddenly get up, you may temporarily feel light-headed. What do Newton’s laws of motion have to say about why this happens?

> If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove some of the excess water by shaking them. Why does this work?

> You can play catch with a softball in a bus moving with constant speed on a straight road, just as though the bus were at rest. Is this still possible when the bus is making a turn at constant speed on a level road? Why or why not?

> The acceleration of a falling body is measured in an elevator that is traveling upward at a constant speed of 9.8 m/s. What value is obtained?

> Some students refer to the quantity m

> Does Newton’s second law hold true for an observer in a van as it speeds up, slows down, or rounds a corner? Explain.

> When a car comes to a stop on a level highway, what force causes it to slow down? When the car increases its speed on the same highway, what force causes it to speed up? Explain.

> When a batted baseball moves with air drag, when does the ball travel a greater horizontal distance? (i) While climbing to its maximum height; (ii) while descending from its maximum height back to the ground; (iii) the same for both? Explain in terms of

> Why can it hurt your foot more to kick a big rock than a small pebble? Must the big rock hurt more? Explain.

> A ball is dropped from rest and feels air resistance as it falls. Which of the graphs in Fig. Q5.26 best represents its vertical velocity component as a function of time? Fig. Q5.26: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

> A horse is hitched to a wagon. Since the wagon pulls back on the horse just as hard as the horse pulls on the wagon, why doesn’t the wagon remain in equilibrium, no matter how hard the horse pulls?

> Why is it incorrect to say that 1.0 kg equals 2.2 lb?

> Which feels a greater pull due to the earth’s gravity: a 10-kg stone or a 20-kg stone? If you drop the two stones, why doesn’t the 20-kg stone fall with twice the acceleration of the 10-kg stone? Explain.

> A car speeds up while the engine delivers constant power. Is the acceleration greater at the beginning of this process or at the end? Explain.

> An advertisement for a portable electrical generating unit claims that the unit’s diesel engine produces 28,000 hp to drive an electrical generator that produces 30 MW of electrical power. Is this possible? Explain.

> To keep the forces on the riders within allowable limits, many loop-the-loop roller coaster rides are designed so that the loop is not a perfect circle but instead has a larger radius of curvature at the bottom than at the top. Explain.

> A professor swings a rubber stopper in a horizontal circle on the end of a string in front of his class. He tells Caroline, in the front row, that he is going to let the string go when the stopper is directly in front of her face. Should Caroline worry?

> The centrifugal force is not included in the free-body diagrams of Figs. 5.34b and 5.35. Explain why not. Figs. 5.34b: Figs. 5.35b: (a) Car rounding banked curve (b) Free-body diagram for car Normal to road is at Y same angle from the vertical as

> Time yourself while running up a flight of steps, and compute the average rate at which you do work against the force of gravity. Express your answer in watts and in horsepower.

> Why is the earth only approximately an inertial reference frame?

> Students sometimes say that the force of gravity on an object is 9.8 m/s2. What is wrong with this view?

> If there is a net force on a particle in uniform circular motion, why doesn’t the particle’s speed change?

> A truck speeding down the highway has a lot of kinetic energy relative to a stopped state trooper but no kinetic energy relative to the truck driver. In these two frames of reference, is the same amount of work required to stop the truck? Explain.

> A net force acts on an object and accelerates it from rest to a speed v1. In doing so, the force does an amount of work W1. By what factor must the work done on the object be increased to produce three times the final speed, with the object again startin

> When you stand with bare feet in a wet bathtub, the grip feels fairly secure, and yet a catastrophic slip is quite possible. Explain this in terms of the two coefficients of friction.

> Suppose you chose the fundamental physical quantities to be force, length, and time instead of mass, length, and time. What would be the units of mass in terms of those fundamental quantities?

> Does a car’s kinetic energy change more when the car speeds up from 10 to 15 m/s or from 15 to 20 m/s? Explain.

> A ball thrown straight up has zero velocity at its highest point. Is the ball in equilibrium at this point? Why or why not?

> Some people say that the “force of inertia” (or “force of momentum”) throws the passengers forward when a car brakes sharply. What is wrong with this explanation?

> A woman in an elevator lets go of her briefcase, but it does not fall to the floor. How is the elevator moving?

> A passenger in a moving bus with no windows notices that a ball that has been at rest in the aisle suddenly starts to move toward the rear of the bus. Think of two possible explanations, and devise a way to decide which is correct.

> A rope tied to a body is pulled, causing the body to accelerate. But according to Newton’s third law, the body pulls back on the rope with a force of equal magnitude and opposite direction. Is the total work done then zero? If so, how can the body’s kine

> For medical reasons, astronauts in outer space must determine their body mass at regular intervals. Devise a scheme for measuring body mass in an apparently weightless environment.

> If it takes total work W to give an object a speed v and kinetic energy K, starting from rest, what will be the object’s speed (in terms of v) and kinetic energy (in terms of K) if we do twice as much work on it, again starting from rest?

> A clothesline hangs between two poles. No matter how tightly the line is stretched, it sags a little at the center. Explain why.

> An elevator is hoisted by its cables at constant speed. Is the total work done on the elevator positive, negative, or zero? Explain.

> Can a body be in equilibrium when only one force acts on it? Explain.

> For a physics lab experiment, four classmates run up the stairs from the basement to the top floor of their physics building—a vertical distance of 16.0 m. The classmates and their masses are: Tatiana, 50.2 kg; Bill, 68.2 kg; Ricardo, 8

> In a physics lab experiment, one end of a horizontal spring that obeys Hooke’s law is attached to a wall. The spring is compressed 0.400 m, and a block with mass 0.300 kg is attached to it. The spring is then released, and the block mov

> Figure P6.90 shows the results of measuring the force F exerted on both ends of a rubber band to stretch it a distance x from its unstretched position. (Source: www.sciencebuddies.org) The data points are well fit by the equation F = 33.55x0.4871, where

> In a head-on collision between a compact 1000-kg car and a large 2500-kg car, which one experiences the greater force? Explain. Which one experiences the greater acceleration? Explain why. Why are passengers in the small car more likely to be injured tha

> An object has several forces acting on it. One of these forces is

> A physics student spends part of her day walking between classes or for recreation, during which time she expends energy at an average rate of 280 W. The remainder of the day she is sitting in class, studying, or resting; during these activities, she exp

> The Grand Coulee Dam is 1270 m long and 170 m high. The electrical power output from generators at its base is approximately 2000 MW. How many cubic meters of water must flow from the top of the dam per second to produce this amount of power if 92% of th

> A pump is required to lift 800 kg of water (about 210 gallons) per minute from a well 14.0 m deep and eject it with a speed of 18.0 m/s. (a) How much work is done per minute in lifting the water? (b) How much work is done in giving the water the kinetic

> All birds, independent of their size, must maintain a power output of 10–25 watts per kilogram of body mass in order to fly by flapping their wings. (a) The Andean giant hummingbird (Patagona gigas) has mass 70 g and flaps its wings 10 times per second w

> On an essentially frictionless, horizontal ice rink, a skater moving at 3.0 m/s encounters a rough patch that reduces her speed to 1.65 m/s due to a friction force that is 25% of her weight. Use the work–energy theorem to find the length of this rough pa

> Consider the system shown in Fig. P6.81. The rope and pulley have negligible mass, and the pulley is frictionless. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 8.00-kg block and the tabletop is

> Consider the system shown in Fig. P6.81. The rope and pulley have negligible mass, and the pulley is frictionless. Initially the 6.00-kg block is moving downward and the 8.00-kg block is moving to the right, both with a speed of 0.900 m/s. The blocks com

> A physics professor is pushed up a ramp inclined upward at 30.0° above the horizontal as she sits in her desk chair, which slides on frictionless rollers. The combined mass of the professor and chair is 85.0 kg. She is pushed 2.50 m along the incline by

> A 5.00-kg block is moving at v0 = 6.00 m/s along a frictionless, horizontal surface toward a spring with force constant k = 500 N/m that is attached to a wall (Fig. P6.79). The spring has negligible mass. (a) Find the maximum distance the spring will be

> When a car stops suddenly, the passengers tend to move forward relative to their seats. Why? When a car makes a sharp turn, the passengers tend to slide to one side of the car. Why?

> A crate slides up an inclined ramp and then slides down the ramp after momentarily stopping near the top. There is kinetic friction between the surface of the ramp and the crate. Which is greater? (i) The crate’s acceleration going up the ramp; (ii) the

> One end of a horizontal spring with force constant 76.0 N/m is attached to a vertical post. A 2.00-kg block of frictionless ice is attached to the other end and rests on the floor. The spring is initially neither stretched nor compressed. A constant hori

> One end of a horizontal spring with force constant 130.0 N/m is attached to a vertical wall. A 4.00-kg block sitting on the floor is placed against the spring. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the floor is

> The spring of a spring gun has force constant k = 400 N/m and negligible mass. The spring is compressed 6.00 cm, and a ball with mass 0.0300 kg is placed in the horizontal barrel against the compressed spring. The spring is then released, and the ball is

> A 2.50-kg textbook is forced against a horizontal spring of negligible mass and force constant 250 N/m, compressing the spring a distance of 0.250 m. When released, the textbook slides on a horizontal tabletop with coefficient of kinetic friction

> You and your bicycle have combined mass 80.0 kg. When you reach the base of a bridge, you are traveling along the road at 5.00 m/s (Fig. P6.74). At the top of the bridge, you have climbed a vertical distance of 5.20 m and slowed to 1.50 m>s. Ignore wo

> You are asked to design spring bumpers for the walls of a parking garage. A freely rolling 1200-kg car moving at 0.65 m/s is to compress the spring no more than 0.090 m before stopping. What should be the force constant of the spring? Assume that the spr

> A proton with mass 1.67 × 10-27 kg is propelled at an initial speed of 3.00 × 105 m/s directly toward a uranium nucleus 5.00 m away. The proton is repelled by the uranium nucleus with a force of magnitude F = a/x2, where x is the separation between the t

> A small block with a mass of 0.0600 kg is attached to a cord passing through a hole in a frictionless, horizontal surface (Fig. P6.71). The block is originally revolving at a distance of 0.40 m from the hole with a speed of 0.70 m>s. The cord is then

> Consider a spring that does not obey Hooke’s law very faithfully. One end of the spring is fixed. To keep the spring stretched or compressed an amount x, a force along the x-axis with x-component Fx = kx - bx2 + cx3 must be applied to the free end. Here

> A box is sliding with a speed of 4.50 m/s on a horizontal surface when, at point P, it encounters a rough section. The coefficient of friction there is not constant; it starts at 0.100 at P and increases linearly with distance past P, reaching a value of

> When a car is hit from behind, the occupants may experience whiplash. Use Newton’s laws of motion to explain what causes this result.

> A net force along the x-axis that has x-component Fx = -12.0 N + (0.300 N/m2)x2 is applied to a 5.00-kg object that is initially at the origin and moving in the -x-direction with a speed of 6.00 m/s. What is the speed of the object when it reaches the po

> When a car is hit from behind, its passengers undergo sudden forward acceleration, which can cause a severe neck injury known as whiplash. During normal acceleration, the neck muscles play a large role in accelerating the head so that the bones are not i

> A 5.00-kg package slides 2.80 m down a long ramp that is inclined at 24.0° below the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the package and the ramp is mk = 0.310. Calculate (a) the work done on the package by friction; (b) the work done

> Consider the blocks in Exercise 6.7 as they move 75.0 cm. Find the total work done on each one (a) if there is no friction between the table and the 20.0-N block, and (b) if

> While doing a chin-up, a man lifts his body 0.40 m. (a) How much work must the man do per kilogram of body mass? (b) The muscles involved in doing a chin-up can generate about 70 J of work per kilogram of muscle mass. If the man can just barely do a 0.40

> A luggage handler pulls a 20.0-kg suitcase up a ramp inclined at 32.0° above the horizontal by a force

> A balky cow is leaving the barn as you try harder and harder to push her back in. In coordinates with the origin at the barn door, the cow walks from x = 0 to x = 6.9 m as you apply a force with x-component Fx = -[20.0 N +(3.0 N/m)x]. How much work does

> You are an engineer working for a manufacturing company. You are designing a mechanism that uses a cable to drag heavy metal blocks a distance of 8.00 m along a ramp that is sloped at 40.0° above the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction betwee

> A road heading due east passes over a small hill. You drive a car of mass m at constant speed v over the top of the hill, where the shape of the roadway is well approximated as an arc of a circle with radius R. Sensors have been placed on the road surfac

> In your physics lab, a block of mass m is at rest on a horizontal surface. You attach a light cord to the block and apply a horizontal force to the free end of the cord. You find that the block remains at rest until the tension T in the cord exceeds 20.0

> A helium balloon hovers in midair, neither ascending nor descending. Is it in equilibrium? What forces act on it?

> A physics major is working to pay her college tuition by performing in a traveling carnival. She rides a motorcycle inside a hollow, transparent plastic sphere. After gaining sufficient speed, she travels in a vertical circle with radius 13.0 m. She has

> A small bead can slide without friction on a circular hoop that is in a vertical plane and has a radius of 0.100 m. The hoop rotates at a constant rate of 4.00 rev>s about a vertical diameter (Fig. P5.107). (a) Find the angle b at which the bead is in

> A 70-kg person rides in a 30-kg cart moving at 12 m/s at the top of a hill that is in the shape of an arc of a circle with a radius of 40 m. (a) What is the apparent weight of the person as the cart passes over the top of the hill? (b) Determine the maxi

> On the ride “Spindletop” at the amusement park Six Flags Over Texas, people stood against the inner wall of a hollow vertical cylinder with radius 2.5 m. The cylinder started to rotate, and when it reached a constant rotation rate of 0.60 rev/s, the floo

> A 4.00-kg block is attached to a vertical rod by means of two strings. When the system rotates about the axis of the rod, the strings are extended as shown in Fig. P5.104 and the tension in the upper string is 80.0 N. (a) What is the tension in the lower

> You throw a rock downward into water with a speed of 3mg/k, where k is the coefficient in Eq. (5.5). Assume that the relationship between fluid resistance and speed is as given in Eq. (5.5), and calculate the speed of the rock as a function of time.

> You are riding in a school bus. As the bus rounds a flat curve at constant speed, a lunch box with mass 0.500 kg, suspended from the ceiling of the bus by a string 1.80 m long, is found to hang at rest relative to the bus when the string makes an angle o

> Blocks A, B, and C are placed as in Fig. P5.101 and connected by ropes of negligible mass. Both A and B weigh 25.0 N each, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between each block and the surface is 0.35. Block C descends with constant velocity. (a) Dr

> Consider a wet roadway banked as in Example 5.22 (Section 5.4), where there is a coefficient of static friction of 0.30 and a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.25 between the tires and the roadway. The radius of the curve is R = 50 m. (a) If the bank

> A curve with a 120-m radius on a level road is banked at the correct angle for a speed of 20 m/s. If an automobile rounds this curve at 30 m/s, what is the minimum coefficient of static friction needed between tires and road to prevent skidding?

> A force

> Jack sits in the chair of a Ferris wheel that is rotating at a constant 0.100 rev/s. As Jack passes through the highest point of his circular path, the upward force that the chair exerts on him is equal to one-fourth of his weight. What is the radius of

> Block A, with weight 3w, slides down an inclined plane S of slope angle 36.9° at a constant speed while plank B, with weight w, rests on top of A. The plank is attached by a cord to the wall (Fig. P5.97). (a) Draw a diagram of all the forces a

> Two blocks, with masses 4.00 kg and 8.00 kg, are connected by a string and slide down a 30.0° inclined plane (Fig. P5.96). The coefficient of kinetic friction between the 4.00-kg block and the plane is 0.25; that between the 8.00-kg block and

> A block is placed against the vertical front of a cart (Fig. P5.95). What acceleration must the cart have so that block A does not fall? The coefficient of static friction between the block and the cart is

> You are riding in an elevator on the way to the 18th floor of your dormitory. The elevator is accelerating upward with a = 1.90 m/s2. Beside you is the box containing your new computer; the box and its contents have a total mass of 36.0 kg. While the ele