Install Chem EQL and simulate the chemistry of a 10−5 mol dm−3 phthalic acid solution at pH 5 without setting mode(H+) = free. Save the input matrix file (.txt) and the output file (.xls) and perform a charge-balance validation to determine whether the this condition is satisfied when additional components are included to simulate pH 5 without setting mode(H+) = free.
> Given the relation between the Gibbs energy of reaction and the electrochemical potential E of reduction-oxidation reactions, calculate the Standard reduction potential E−◦ for a balanced reduction half-reaction invo
> Given the relation between the Free Energy of reaction and the Electro- chemical Potential for reduction (∆rtt = n F E), calculate the electrochemical potential for the 4,4’-DDT dechlorination half-reaction. The essent
> The molecular structures of 4,4’-DDT (1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4- chlorophenyl) ethyl] benzene, CAS Registry Number 50-29-3) and 4,4’-DDD (1- chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene, CAS Registry Number 72-54-8) appear below. Determi
> Balance the reduction half-reaction involving the mineral s hausmanite Mn3O4(s) and manganite MnOOH(s).
> Balance the reduction half-reaction involving cystine18 and cysteine19. NH2 но. HO. HS OH NH2 NH2 cystine CAS Registry Number RN 56-89-3 L-cysteine CAS Registry Number RN 52-90-4
> Balance the reduction half-reaction involving the anions S3O 2 –6 and S2O 2 –3.
> The transport of 1,2-dibromoethane (CAS Registry Number 106-93-4) in an aquifer can be estimated using the organic carbon-water partition coefficient measured by any material containing natural organic matter. The adsorption of 1,2-dibromoethane by whole
> Explain the significance of the following geochemical terms: atmophilic, lithophilic, siderophilic, and chalcophilic.
> An Alachlor (CAS Registry Number 15972-60-8) adsorption experiment by a specimen collected from a shallow, organic-rich aquifer near Piketon, Ohio yielded the results listed in the table below. Aquifer porosity was reported to be 37%. (Source: Springer
> An Alachlor (CAS Registry Number 15972-60-8) adsorption experiment by a specimen collected from a shallow, organic-rich aquifer near Piketon, Ohio yielded the results listed in the table below. The organic carbon content of the aquifer is 0.02%. (Sour
> The following data from Clark and McBride (1984) measures Cu 2+ adsorption by imogolite Al2SiO3(OH)4(s) covering a pH range from about 4 to 7. The suspensions, which were prepared with 5 g • dm−3 synthetic imogolite,
> The following data (courtesy of T. Ranatunga and R. W. Taylor, Alabama A & M University) are from an experiment measuring Pb2+ adsorption at pH 4 by kaolinite (Clay Minerals Society specimen: KGa-1). Specimen KGa-1 has a specific surface area of as =
> An experiment measuring SO24 adsorption by a by the aluminum oxide γ– Al2O3(s) yielded the results listed in the following table. Determine whether the adsorption isotherm is best represented by a partitioning isotherm mod
> An adsorption experiment of the chloroacetanilide herbicide Alachlor (CAS Registry Number 15972-60-8) by a shallow organic-rich aquifer near Piketon, Ohio yielded the results listed in the table below. (Source: Springer, A.E. 1994. Characterization and m
> An experiment measuring adsorption of the triazine herbicide Cynazine by a Cheshire soil specimen yielded the results listed in the following table (Xing and Pignatello, 1996). Determine whether the adsorption isotherm is best represented by a partiti
> The International Humic Substances Society IHSS supplies reference specimens to researchers. Using IHSS elemental composition and acidic functional group data, determine the oxygen mole-fraction attributable to carboxyl and phenol groups xtitr in the Sum
> Fungal cell walls contain the polymer chitin (CAS Registry Number 1398- 61-4) with chemical formula (C8H13O5N)n . Verify the formal oxidation state of nitrogen OS(N) = 3 and calculate the mean carbon oxidation state OS(C) for chitin. CH3 HO NH HO 5
> Salibia et al. (2002) reports the following composition of corncob lignin: C9H9.84O3.33(OCH3)0.38. Determine the mean carbon oxidation state OS(C) and carbon reduction ΓC of corncob lignin.
> The Earth’s crust is depleted of certain elements relative to the overall composition of the Solar System. Explain why the following elements (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, silver, gold, platinum) are depleted in the crust.
> The International Humic Substances Society supplies reference samples to researchers (IHSS Products link at the website www.ihss.gatech.edu/). The Chemical Properties link leads you to data on the Elemental Composition. Using the Elemental Composition fo
> The International Humic Substances Society supplies reference samples to researchers (IHSS Products link at the website www.ihss.gatech.edu/). The Chemical Properties menu leads you to data for Elemental Composition. Using the Elemental Composition for t
> Almendros et al. (1991) measured the nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectrum of a compost material containing 8% nitrogen by weight. From the NMR spectrum, Almendros et al. (1991) estimates 8% of the total nitrogen is amine (R – NH2), the for
> The Upper Poplar Creek, a mercury-polluted stream located on the U.S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge reservation, has as dissolve organic carbon content of DOC = 3 mg • dm−3. This aquatic organic matter contains w(C) = 0.525 g • g−1 carbon and w(S) = 6.5
> The International Humic Substances Society supplies reference samples to researchers (IHSS Products link at the website www.ihss.gatech.edu/). The Chemical Properties menu leads you to data for Elemental Composition. Using the Elemental Composition and A
> Table 1.4 in The Chemical Composition of Soils (Helmke, 2000) lists the geometric mean Cu content of U.S. peat soils (Histosols): 193 mg kg−1. The organic matter content of peat soils is essentially 100%. Assume the metal binding capaci
> Table 1.2 in The Chemical Composition of Soils (Helmke, 2000) lists the geometric mean Cu content of world soils: 20 mg kg−1. The soil organic carbon content of the Summit Hill (Christchurch, New Zealand) A-horizon is 4.3% (foc = 0.043
> The International Humic Substances Society IHSS supplies reference specimens to researchers. Using IHSS elemental composition and acidic functional group data, determine the oxygen mole-fraction attributable to carboxyl and phenol groups xtitr in the Pah
> Crandall et al. (1999) published a study of groundwater and river water mixing, listing dissolved salts in groundwater from a number of wells and sinkholes and surface water from the Suwannee and Little Springs rivers in Suwannee County, Florida. The fol
> The Byz2 horizon of the Duke soil series (Fine, mixed, active, thermic Sodic Haplusterts; Harmon County, OK) is 47% smectite clay. The soil dis- plays a “slight effervescence” when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (in- dicating CaCO3(s)). The Nation
> The Earth’s crust contains thorium and uranium although no stable isotope exists for either element. Explain why these unstable elements are present in the Earth’s crust.
> The Bssyz2 horizon of the Duke soil series (Fine, mixed, active, thermic Sodic Haplusterts; Harmon County, OK; Pedon ID: S2003OK-057-006 DUKE) is 47% smectite clay. The soil displays a “slight effervescence” when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid (in
> The following table lists the chemical analysis of a groundwater specimen from Waukesha, Wisconsin collected in 2003. The electrical (specific) conductivity of the water is EC = 1.05 dS • m−1 and the analytic pH is 8.0. Simulate the chemistry of this sol
> The following table lists the chemical analysis of a groundwater specimen from Waukesha, Wisconsin collected in 2003. The electrical (specific) conductivity of the water is EC = 1.05 dS • m−1 and the analytic pH is 8.0. Calculate the following from the w
> Porębska et. al (2008) studied the effect of acid rain on soils in Poland. The soil chemical properties relevant to acidity of a spodosol near Gubin in western Poland: pH(1 m KCl) = 3.2, CEC7 = 34.2 cmolc kg−1, exchangeable Al3+ = 26.0 cmolc kg−1. Exchan
> Dai et al. (1998) studied the effect of acid rain on soils from the provinces of Hunan and Guangxi in southern China. The soil chemical properties relevant to acidity of the Hongmaochong Inceptisols (surface 0–10 cm) are: pH(1 m KCl) = 3.91, CEC7 = 22.5
> Calculate the amount of CaCO 3(s) required to neutralize the acidity in 829 mm of acid precipitation with an average pH of 4.26 falling on a 1-hectare area.
> The following table lists the chemical analysis of a groundwater sample from Green Bay, Wisconsin. The analytic pH is 7.7. Use Chem EQL to simulate the pH of this groundwater sample. Save both the input file (.txt) and the output file (.xls) for the si
> The Chem EQL database Solid Phase Library (i.e., mineral species formation reactions and equilibrium solubility constants) contains the following entry for the mineral calcite : CaCO3(s). Using the equilibrium reaction and constant above, derive the li
> The Chem EQL Solid Phase Library contains the following entry for the calcium phosphate mineral fluorapatite : Ca10(PO4)6F2(s). Calculate the equilibrium coefficient Kc for this reaction using the Debye-Hückel empirical activity coeffici
> Simulate the 4-phase system consisting of an aqueous solution in solubility equilibrium with the following three minerals: calcite : CaCO3(s), hydroxyapatite : Ca5(PO4)3OH(s), and pyromorphite : Pb5(PO4)3OH(s). Save both the input file (.txt) and the out
> A reactor accident occurred in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986 that deposited 55 137
> Simulate total soluble lead (Pb) in a 3-phase system consisting of an aqueous solution in equilibrium with the phosphate minerals hydroxyapatite : Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) and pyromorphite : Pb5(PO4)3OH(s). Save both the input file (.txt) and the output file (.xls
> Simulate troilite : FeS(s) solubility in the pH range: 4 ≤ pH ≤ 9. Save both the input file (.txt) and the output file (.xls) for the simulation.
> Simulate hydroxyapatite : Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) solubility in the pH range: 4 ≤ pH ≤ 9. Save both the input file (.txt) and the output file (.xls) for the simulation. Plot the total solution phosphate concentration and the concentrations of the four (4) most ab
> Simulate the dissolution of gypsum: CaSO4 2 H2O(s), saving both the input matrix file (.txt) and the output file (.xls). Validate the ion activity coefficients γ2± and the gypsum ion activity product IAP using results in the output file.
> Variation 1. Using Chem EQL, simulate the pH of a solution containing c0 = 3.80 10−4 mol dm−3 sulfide S2– and an ionic strength of Ic = 3 10−2 mol dm−3. NOTE: There are two more variations of this exercise. Variation 2. Using Chem EQL, simulate the pH of
> Using the R.I.C.E. table method, calculate the activities of all hydrogen sulfide species for a solution containing c0 = 3.80 10−4 mol dm−3 dihydrogen sulfide H2S(aq). The following reactions give the hydrolysis of dih
> Using the R.I.C.E. table method, calculate the pH of a solution containing c0 = 3.80 • 10−4 mol • dm−3 dihydrogen sulfide H2S(aq). The following reactions give the hydrolysis of dihy
> The standard free energies of formation ∆f tt−◦ (298.15 K) for each component in the fluorapatite : Ca5(PO4)3F(s) solubility reaction appear in the following table (source: CHNOSZ database; Dick, 20
> Install Chem EQL and simulate the chemistry of a 10−5 mol dm−3 phthalic acid solution at pH 5 (cf. Chem EQL Manual, example simulation of 10−3 mol dm−3 acetic acid solution at pH 4). Save the input file4 (.txt) and the output file5 (.xls) and perform a c
> List the half-life of the longest-lived isotope for each element from Po to Th (84 < Z < 90). A complete Table of the Isotopes is available on the Abundances of the Elements (Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, National Physics Labor
> The Chem EQL database Solid Phase Library (i.e., equilibrium solubility constants for mineral species) contains the following entries for the carbonate minerals calcite : CaCO3(s) and dolomite : Ca Mg(CO3)3(s). Figure 8 (cf. Chapter 5, Water Chemistry
> The clay fraction of the Two top soil series (Crook County, Wyoming) is predominantly smectite with a reported cation exchange capacity CEC of nσ /m = 76.4 cmolc • kg−1. An asymmetric Ca2+, K+ cation exchange experiment reports the following results: cK
> Quirk and Schofield (1955) measured Na+, Ca2+ exchange by a vermiculite dominated soil clay fraction collected at Rothamsted Experiment Station (Harpenden, U. K.). The results are listed. Use the least sum-square method to determine the selectivity coeff
> The Bssyz2 horizon of the Duke soil series (Fine, mixed, active, thermic Sodic Haplusterts; Harmon County, OK) is 64.7% clay, has the following chemical properties (NCSS Pedon ID: S2003OK-057-006): pH = 7.7, CEC7 = 24.2 cmolc • kg−1, and a saturated-p
> The Maxfield soil series (Olmsted County, MN) has a cation exchange capacity CEC of nσ +/m = 41.0 cmolc kg−1 balanced by nσ Ca2+ /m = 39.5 cmolc kg−1 of exchangeable Ca2+ and nσ Na+ /m = 1.5 cmolc kg−1 exchangeable Na+. The concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+
> The Ness soil series (Hodgeman County, Kansas) has a cation exchange capacity CEC of n σ +/m = 38.0 cmolc kg−1 balanced by n σ Ca2+ /m = 33.1 mol kg−1 of exchangeable Ca2+ and n Σ Na+ /m = 4.9 mol kg−1 exchangeable Na+. The concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+
> The specific surface area of kaolinite specimens from the clay (< 0.2 µm) fraction is: as ≈ 10 m2 • g−1. The specific surface area of smectite specimens from the clay (< 0.2 µm) fraction is: as ≈ 700 m2 • g−1. Explain the dramatic difference in surface a
> The structure of four layer silicate minerals appear in Figure 3.1. Associate the following with each structure: 1) a specific mineral name, 2) the Jackson chemical weathering stage dominated by each mineral, and 3) whether the mineral is capable of crys
> Apply Pauling’s Radius Ratio rule to determine the preferred coordination of the cation listed in Table 3.1. The ionic radius of oxygen is: rO2− = 0.140 nm. Table 3.1: Abundance Rank Cation Ionic Radius re nm Si
> Describe the importance of plasticity in the field identification of clay content and identify the minerals typically found in the clay-size fraction that exhibit plasticity.
> Figure 2 (cf. Chapter 1, Elemental Abundance) plots the relative abundance of several elements in the solar system, Earth’s crust and Earth’s soil. Explain the factors that determine the relative abundance of the follo
> Identify any crystallographic feature that would permit the solid-state transformation of feldspar minerals into layer silicate minerals.
> Identify the Jackson Weathering Stage where smectite minerals first appear.
> Figure 24 ( cf. Chapter 3, Clay Mineralogy and Chemistry) shows the tension head htension of a 13.5% suspension of Cheto montmorillonite. Compute the actual height of the clay gel above pure water in an osmotic cell equivalent to the osmotic head: hosmot
> Figure 15 ( cf. Chapter 3, Clay Mineralogy and Chemistry) plots the crystalline swelling of a Na+-saturate smectite specimen. Estimate the number of water layers in the interlayer of this smectite at each crystalline swelling state. Figure 15: 2.40
> Compute the osmotic head hosmotic of a CaSO4(aq) solution: cCaSO4 = 1.600 • 10−2 mol • dm−3.
> Estimate the unit cell composition of a Wyoming montmorillonite specimen Volclay (American Colloid Company) using the oxide mass-fraction w(ExOy) data listed in Table 3.4. Table 3.4: Oxide w(E„Oy) Oxide w(E„Oy) 1 1 g•g¯ SiO2 (s) Al2O3(s) Fe2O3(s)
> Describe the special characteristics of Tschermak cation substitution and its significance for cation substitution in layer silicates.
> Clay mineral layer charge influences a variety of chemical and physical properties: swelling behavior, surface area, and the exchangeability of interlayer ions. Explain the relationship between layer charge and the chemical and physical properties listed
> Consider a landscape underlain by granite that weathers in situ to residuum. The x-ray diffraction pattern from the silt-size fraction of the residuum collected near the contact with the underlying granite bedrock clearly shows the presence of fine-grain
> A cylindrical soil core ( L = 20 cm, r = 3 cm) was collected from a field site in Madison County, Iowa, The weight of the empty metal cylinder is: m1 = 225 g. The metal cylinder containing field-moist soil is weighed (m2 = 1217.8 g) then dried in a 10
> List the stable isotopes for all Period 3 elements (Na through Ar) and explain why some elements have more stable isotopes than others. Stable isotopes and their relative abundances are compiled by the National Institute of Standards and Technology: www.
> A cylindrical soil core ( L = 20 cm, r = 3 cm) was collected from a field site in Madison County, Iowa, The weight of the empty metal cylinder is: m1 = 225 g. The metal cylinder containing field-moist soil is weighed (m2 = 1217.8 g) then dried in a 10
> The estimated evapotranspiration water loss during June 2008 in a Dane County, Wisconsin watershed averaged 4.9 mm of water per day. The average soil depth in the watershed is 100 cm and has a total water storage capacity of: θ = 0.400 cm • cm−1. At the
> Use the Thornthwaite potential evapotranspiration model to estimate the mean evapotranspiration water loss during May 2016 in Dane County, Wisconsin. Identify the weather station you use to make your estimate.
> Use the empirical Clapp-Hornberger unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function in Appendix D to estimate the hydraulic conductvity kD of a loam- texture soil at field capacity.
> The volumetric moisture content of a fine-sand soil is θ = 0.12 m3 • m−3. Use the empirical Clapp-Hornberger water retention function in Appendix D to estimate the tension head htension at this water content.
> The Antigo soil (Langlade County, Wisconsin) has a retardation coefficient of Rf = 3.90 for the organophosphate insecticide Phosmet (CAS Registry Number 732-11-6). The Antigo soil has a field capacity water content of θfc = 0.37 cm cm−1. Estimate how dee
> The Macksburg soil (Madison County, Iowa) has a retardation coefficient of Rf = 42.2 for the herbicide Atrazine (CAS Registry Number 1912-24-9). In early spring the Macksburg soil is at field capacity and the depth to water table is 45 cm. Estimate how d
> The Robbs soil from Johnson County, Illinois has a moist bulk density of ρt = 1.34 M g • m−3 and a field-capacity volumetric water content of θfc = 0.38 cm•cm−1. The solids-water partition coefficient for the herbicide Cyanazine (CAS Registry Number 2172
> Table 2.1 lists the physical and water retention data for the Macksburg soil series from Madison County Iowa. The Macksburg soil is located on nearly level (0-2% slopes) upland sites, has moderately high permeability and is considered well drained. Det
> For six years, a child has been drinking water containing 0.05 mg dm−3 benzene (CAS Registry Number 71-43-2). Estimate the average daily dose ADD for a child in this case, taking into account the nature of the toxicant (carcinogen or non-carcinogen).
> The following dose-response curve plots the central estimate of the adverse (toxic) response from a series of doses. The dose (i.e., body burden) is plotted on a base-10 logarithmic scale (dose units: [mg • kg−1 ]) and
> The data below is the nitrogen content of soil specimens collected in Black Hawk County, Iowa (Professor M. E. Thompson, Iowa State University). Determine the arithmetic mean and geometric mean soil nitrogen content of this data set. Bulk Density Or
> Calculate the binding energy per nucleon Eb/A in MeV for the carbon isotope 6 12
> List the four overall steps in the auditor’s going concern evaluation process.
> Describe the purposes of an independent engagement quality review by a quality review partner.
> Are analytical procedures required as part of the final overall review of the financial statements? What is the purpose of such analytical procedures?
> Under what circumstances would the auditor dual date an audit report?
> What are the types of subsequent events relevant to financial statement audits? Give one example of each type of subsequent event that might materially affect the financial statements.
> Provide two examples of commitments. Under what conditions do such commitments result in a decrease in Other Comprehensive Income?
> What information does the auditor ask the attorney to provide on pending or threatened litigation?
> What types of events would generally require restatement of the issued financial statements? What procedures should the auditor follow when the entity refuses to cooperate and make the necessary disclosures?
> What items should be included in the auditor’s communication with those charged with governance (i.e., the audit committee or similar group)?
> What four major categories of events or conditions may indicate going concern problems? Give two examples for each category.
> What is one of the key segregation of duties for the property management process? What errors or fraud can occur if such segregation is not present?
> Define what is meant by contingent liability. What three categories are used to classify a contingent liability? Give four distinct examples of contingent liabilities.
> Briefly describe the classification and valuation issues related to investments in debt and equity securities.
> What are the main transaction-related assertions for investments? Identify the key segregation of investment-related duties and possible errors or fraud that can occur if this segregation is not present.
