Question: To determine the equilibrium constant for the

> What is the major difference between isocratic elution and gradient elution? For what types of compounds are these two elution methods most suited?

> What types of species can be separated by GC but not by HPLC?

> Describe the difference between gel-filtration and gel-permeation chromatography.

> Describe the fundamental difference between ion exchange and size-exclusion chromatography.

> Describe the fundamental difference between adsorption and partition chromatography.

> Indicate the order of elution of the following compounds from a normal-phase packed HPLC column: a) Ethyl acetate, acetic acid, dimethylamine. b) Propylene, hexane, benzene, dichlorobenzene.

> What kind of mixtures are separated by gas-solid chromatography?

> Why is gas-solid chromatography not used as extensively as gas-liquid chromatography?

> How do gas-liquid and gas-solid chromatography differ?

> For the data given in Example 30-1, compare the method of external standards to the internal standard method. Plot the analyte peak height versus percent analyte, and determine the unknown without using the internal standard results. Are your results any

> How do electron and electrospray ionization sources differ? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

> Peak areas and relative detector responses are to be used to determine the concentration of the five species in a sample. The area normalization method described in Problem 30-20 is to be used. The relative areas for the five gas chromatographic peaks ar

> One method for quantitative determination of the concentration of constituents in a sample analyzed by gas chromatography is the area normalization method. In this method, complete elution of all the sample constituents is necessary. The area of each pea

> List the variables that lead to a) Band broadening b) Band separation in gas-liquid chromatography.

> What is the effect of stationary phase film thickness on gas chromatograms?

> What are the advantages of fused-silica capillary columns compared with glass or metal columns?

> What properties should the stationary phase liquid for gas chromatography possess?

> Why are gas chromatographic stationary phases often bonded and cross-linked? What do these terms mean?

> How do the following capillary columns differ? a) PLOT columns b) WCOT columns c) SCOT columns

> What are megabore open tubular columns? Why are they used?

> What are hyphenated gas chromatographic methods? Briefly describe three hyphenated methods.

> Why are detection limits for ICPMS often lower with double-focusing mass spectrometers than with quadrupole mass spectrometers?

> What are the principal advantages and the principal limitations of each of the detectors listed in Problem 30-10? Detectors listed in Problem 30-10: a) Thermal conductivity, b) Flame ionization, c) Electron capture, d) Thermionic, e) Photoionization.

> Describe the principle on which each of the following GC detectors are based: a) Thermal conductivity, b) Flame ionization, c) Electron capture, d) Thermionic, e) Photoionization.

> What is meant by temperature programming in gas chromatography?

> What variables must be controlled if satisfactory qualitative data are to be obtained from chromatograms?

> Describe the physical differences between capillary and packed columns. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

> What is meant by temperature programming in gas chromatography?

> Describe a chromatogram, and explain what type of information it contains.

> Explain how you would use one of the flow meters in Figure 30-2. Figure 30-2:

> How do strong- and weak-acid synthetic ion-exchange resins differ in structure?

> Define a) Elution. b) Eluent. Diffusion. c) Stationary phase. d) Distribution constant. e) Retention time. f) Longitudinal g) Selectivity factor. h) Plate height.

> What are the requirements of an internal standard in ICPMS?

> Name three methods based on mechanical phase separation.

> What does the term salting out a protein mean? What is the salting in effect?

> What does the term salting out a protein mean? What is the salting in effect?

> What is a collector ion, and how is it used?

> Referring to Problem 29-28, calculate the resolution for a) Methylcyclohexene and methylcyclohexane. b) Methylcyclohexene and toluene. c) Methylcyclohexane and toluene. Data from Problem 29-28: The following data were obtained by gas-liquid chromatogr

> The following data were obtained by gas-liquid chromatography on a 40-cm packed column: Calculate a) An average number of plates from the data. b) The standard deviation for the average in (a). c) An average plate height for the column.

> From the data in Problem 29-24, calculate for species C and D a) The resolution. b) The length of column necessary to separate the two species with a resolution of 1.5. Data from Problem 29-24: The following data are for a liquid chromatographic colum

> From the data in Problem 29-24, calculate for species B and C a) The resolution. b) The selectivity factor. c) The length of column necessary to separate the two species with a resolution of 1.5. d) The time required to separate the two species on th

> From the data in Problem 29-24, calculate for A, B, C, and D a) The retention factor. b) The distribution constant. Data from 29.24: The following data are for a liquid chromatographic column: A chromatogram of a mixture of species A, B, C, and D pro

> The following data are for a liquid chromatographic column: A chromatogram of a mixture of species A, B, C, and D provided the following data: Calculate a) The number of plates from each peak. b) The mean and the standard deviation for n. c) The pla

> What types of interferences are encountered in ICPMS?

> A packed column in gas chromatography had an inside diameter of 5.0 mm. The measured volumetric flow rate at the column outlet was 48.0 mL/min. If the column porosity was 0.43, what was the linear flow velocity in cm/s?

> An open tubular column used for gas chromatography had an inside diameter of 0.15 mm. A volumetric flow rate of 0.85 mL/min was used. Find the linear flow velocity in cm/s at the column outlet.

> An aqueous solution containing MgCl2 and HCl was analyzed by first titrating a 25.00-mL aliquot to a bromocresol green end point with 17.53 mL of 0.02932 M NaOH. A 10.00-mL aliquot was then diluted to 50.00 mL with distilled water and passed through a st

> Describe the preparation of exactly 1.00 L of 0.1000 M HCl from primary-standard-grade NaCl using a cation-exchange resin.

> The total cation content of natural water is often determined by exchanging the cations for hydrogen ions on a strong-acid ion-exchange resin. A 25.0-mL sample of a natural water was diluted to 100 mL with distilled water, and 2.0 g of a cation-exchange

> A 0.150 M aqueous solution of the weak organic acid HA was prepared from the pure compound, and three 50.0-mL aliquots were transferred to 100.0-mL volumetric flasks. Solution 1 was diluted to 100.0 mL with 1.0 M HClO4, solution 2 was diluted to the mark

> If 30.0 mL of water that is 0.0500 M in Q is to be extracted with four 10.0-mL portions of an immiscible organic solvent, what is the minimum distribution coefficient that allows transfer of all but the following percentages of the solute to the organic

> What is the minimum distribution coefficient that permits removal of 99% of a solute from 50.0 mL of water with a) Two 25.0-mL extractions with toluene? b) Five 10.0-mL extractions with toluene?

> What volume of n-hexane is required to decrease the concentration of Z in Problem 29-12 to 2.00 x 10-5 M if 40.0 mL of 0.0200 M Z is extracted with a) 50.0-mL portions of n-hexane? b) 25.0-mL portions? c) 10.0-mL portions?

> What are the y-axis and the x-axis of an ordinary mass spectrum?

> What volume of n-hexane is required to decrease the concentration of X in Problem 29-11 to 1.00 x 10-4 M if 25.0 mL of 0.0500 M X is extracted with a) 25.0-mL portions? b) 10.0-mL portions? c) 2.0-mL portions?

> The distribution coefficient for Z between n-hexane and water is 5.85. Calculate the percent of Z remaining in 25.0 mL of water that was originally 0.0550 M in Z after extraction with the following volumes of n-hexane: a) One 20.0-ml portion. b) Two 10

> The distribution constant for X between n-hexane and water is 8.9. Calculate the concentration of X remaining in the aqueous phase after 50.0 mL of 0.200 M X is treated by extraction with the following quantities of n-hexane: a) One 40.0-ml portion. b)

> Describe two general methods for improving the resolution of two substances on a chromatographic column.

> Describe a method for determining the number of plates in a column.

> What are the major differences between gas-liquid and liquid-liquid chromatography?

> Repeat the calculations in Problem 29-32 assuming KM = 5.81 and KN = 6.20. Data from Problem 29-32: From distribution studies, species M and N are known to have water/hexane distribution constants of 5.99 and 6.16 (K = [X]H2O/[X]hex), where X = M or N.

> From distribution studies, species M and N are known to have water/hexane distribution constants of 5.99 and 6.16 (K = [X]H2O/[X]hex), where X = M or N. The two species are to be separated by elution with hexane in a column packed with silica gel contain

> If VS and VM for the column in Problem 29-28 are 19.6 and 62.6 mL, respectively, and a nonretained air peak appears after 1.9 minutes, calculate a) The retention factor for each compound. b) The distribution constant for each compound. c) The selectiv

> List the variables that lead to band broadening in chromatography.

> What function does the ICP torch serve in mass spectrometry?

> List three advantages of kinetic methods. Can you think of two possible limitations of kinetic methods when compared to equilibrium methods?

> The analysis of a multicomponent mixture by kinetic methods is sometimes referred to as a “kinetic separation.” Explain the meaning of this term.

> Define the following terms as they are used in kinetic methods of analysis. (a) Order of a reaction (b) Pseudo-first-order (c) Enzyme (d) Activator (e) Michaelis constant (f) Differential method (g) Integral method (h) Predictive method

> Equation 28-19 can be rearranged to produce the equation where vmax = k2[E]0, the maximum velocity when [S] is large. a) Suggest a way to use this equation in the construction of a calibration (working) curve for the enzymatic determination of substrat

> Show mathematically that, for an enzyme reaction obeying Equation 28-19, the substrate concentration for which the rate equals vmax/2 is equal to Km. Equation 28-19:

> Find the relative error associated with the assumption that k’ is invariant during the course of a pseudo-first order reaction under the following conditions:

> Calculate the number of lifetimes t required for a pseudo-first-order reaction to achieve the levels of completion listed in Problem 28-8. Levels of completion listed in Problem 28-8: a) 10%. b) 90%. c) 99.9%. d) 50%. e) 99%. f) 99.99%.

> Find the number of half-lives required to reach the following levels of completion: a) 10%. b) 90%. c) 99.9%. d) 50%. e) 99%. f) 99.99%.

> Find the first-order rate constant for a reaction that is 75.0% complete in a) 0.0100 s. b) 0.400 s c) 1.00 s. d) 3299 s e) 26.8 s f) 9.38 ns.

> Find the natural lifetime in seconds for first-order reactions corresponding to a) k = 0.497s-1 . b) k = 5.35 h-1. c) [A]0 = 3.16 M, and [A]t = 0.496 M at t = 3876 s. d) [P]∞ = 0.255 M, and [P]t = 0.0566 M at t = 9.54 s (assume 1 mol of product is fo

> Name three characteristics of inductively coupled plasmas that make them suitable for atomic mass spectrometry.

> Derive an expression for the half-life of the reactant in a first-order process in terms of the rate constant k.

> Explain why pseudo-first-order conditions are utilized in many kinetic methods.

> Calculate the product concentrations versus time for a pseudo-first-order reaction with k’ = 0.015 s-1 and [A]0 = 0.005 M. Use times of 0.000 s, 0.001 s, 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 0.2 s 0.5 s, 1.0 s, 2.0 s, 5.0 s, 10.0 s, 20.0 s, 50.0 s, 100.0 s, 200.0 s, 500.0 s,

> The following data represent the product concentrations versus time during the initial stages of pseudo-first-order reactions with different initial concentrations of analyte [A]0: For each concentration of analyte, find the average initial reaction rat

> The enzyme monoamine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of amines to aldehydes. For tryptamine, Km for the enzyme is 4.0 × 10-4 M, and vmax = k2[E]0 = 1.6 × 10-3 μM/min at pH 8. Find the concentration of a solution of tryptamine that reacts at a rate of 0.1

> Aluminum forms a 1:1 complex with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde p-methoxybenzoylhydraxonal that exhibits fluorescence emission at 475 nm. Under pseudo-first-order conditions, a plot of the initial rate of the reaction (emission units per second) versus the

> Copper(II) forms a 1:1 complex with the organic complexing agent R in acidic medium. The formation of the complex can be monitored by spectrophotome try at 480 nm. Use the following data collected under pseudo-first-order conditions to construct a calibr

> What properties of a supercritical fluid are important in chromatography?

> Some ionization sources, known as soft ionization sources, do not produce as many fragments as an electron ionization source, which is a hard ionization source. Which type of ionization source (hard or soft) is more useful for structure elucidation? Whic

> Define: a) Supercritical fluid. b) Critical point. c) Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. d) Electrophoretic mobility. e) Critical micelle concentration. f) Electrical fff

> List the types of substances to which each of the following separation methods is most applicable: a) Supercritical fluid chromatography. b) Thin-layer chromatography. c) Capillary zone electrophoresis. d) Sedimentation fff. e) Flow fff. f) Micellar

> List the major advantages and limitations of FFF compared to chromatographic methods.

> Three large proteins are ionized at the pH at which an electrical FFF separation is carried out. If the ions are designated A2+, B+, and C3+, predict the order of elution.

> What determines the elution order in sedimentation FFF?

> Describe a major advantage of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography over conventional liquid chromatography.

> What is the principle of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography? How does it differ from capillary zone electrophoresis?

> The cationic analyte of Problem 32-14 was separated by capillary zone electrophoresis in a 50-cm capillary at 20 kV. Under the separation conditions, the electroosmotic flow rate was 0.65 mm s 21 toward the cathode. If the detector were placed 40 cm from

> A certain inorganic cation has a electrophoretic mobility of 6.97 × 10-4 cm2 s-1 V-1. This same ion has a diffusion coefficient of 7.8 × 10-6 cm2 s-1. If this ion is separated by capillary zone electrophoresis with a 50-cm capillary, what is the expected

> What is the principle of separation by capillary zone electrophoresis?

> What is the difference between a precursor ion and a product ion in tandem mass spectrometry?

> How could electroosmotic flow be repressed? Why would one want to repress it?

> What is electroosmotic flow? Why does it occur?

> What is the effect of pH on the separation of amino acids by electrophoresis? Why?

> For supercritical carbon dioxide, predict the effect that the following changes will have on the elution time in an SFC experiment. a) Increase the flow rate (at constant temperature and pressure). b) Increase the pressure (at constant temperature and