Question: Understanding the kinds of frauds that can

> An increase in a person's net worth plus living expenses equals the person's total income.

> What is fraud?

> In your own words describe the purpose of the ACFE.

> Your best friend wants to know why "on earth" you are taking a fraud examination class. He is curious about what careers this class prepares you for. Go to the Internet and find information about two different careers that you could pursue in the field o

> Visit the Association of Certified Fraud Examiner's (ACFE's) Web site at www.acfe.com. Once you have logged on, explore the pages of the site and then answer the following questions: a. How many professionals make up the (ACFE)? b. What are the require

> Locate the Web site of the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners (ASQDE) at www .asqde.org. What is the ASQDE? What is its purpose?

> Today, many data analysis tools are available to provide assistance to fraud examiners when searching for possible fraudulent activities within a company. Visit the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners' Web site (www.acfe.com) and list some of the co

> Read the article entitled "Following Benford's Law, or Looking Out for No. 1" found at www.rexswain. com/benford.html. The article mentions that a statistics professor can easily discern if students nipped a coin 200 times or if they merely faked it. Of

> As long as a sample is selected randomly, it will always be representative of the population as a whole.

> Discovery sampling is probably the most difficult of all statistical sampling variations to understand.

> Concealment investigative methods sometimes involve the study of documents that have been manipulated.

> The net worth method cannot help in determining the extent of stolen funds.

> Evidence should be uniquely marked so it can be easily identified later.

> There is no difference between forensic document experts and graphologists.

> Photocopies are always preferable to original documents as evidence.

> Traditional chain of custody evidence procedures are not appropriate when used with electronic evidence.

> Checks are excellent sources of physical evidence.

> The SHA -1 checksum method is more advanced and is considered more robust than the MDS method.

> It is impossible to retrieve the data from a file that has been deleted on a computer.

> The best way to obtain documentary evidence in a computer database is to use discovery sampling to find the appropriate records.

> Programs like IBM's i2 Analyst's Notebook and Xanalys Link Explorer perform link analysis.

> Bates numbers are identifying numbers used by attorneys involved in litigation to track all documents.

> Private financial institutions can usually sell confidential customer information.

> Using a computer to access records (data mining) can be a very effective approach for determining if fraud exists because the auditor can look at entire populations.

> Random number tables are ineffective and should not be used when selecting random samples from a population.

> A canceled check typically shows the account number of the person who presented the check, the teller who processed the check, and the sequence number of the transaction.

> Even if photocopies of original documents are allowed to be introduced as evidence in a court of law, they are still considered secondary evidence.

> Concealment is the covering of tracks, obscuring of evidence, and removal of red nags to hide a perpetrator's fraud.

> Investigation should only take place when predication of fraud has first been established.

> Not only are undercover operations both legal and valid, but also inexpensive.

> Surveillance logs should always be prepared before an investigation begins.

> During invigilation, no controls are imposed on any activities.

> Mobile surveillance is usually much more risky than stationary surveillance.

> When people convert stolen cash by entering into financial transactions, such as buying assets, they usually leave tracks that investigators can follow.

> Surveillance is a theft investigation technique that relies on the examination of documents

> Electronic surveillance can be of limited value in the investigation of employee fraud because of concerns regarding employees' privacy rights.

> One advantage of using a vulnerability chart is that it forces investigators to consider all aspects of a fraud

> Now that many companies are storing their data "in the cloud" it is easier to access the electronic data of suspected perpetrators.

> Seizing and searching computers is illegal because it infringes on the rights guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.

> In determining which investigative method to use, it is most important that investigators focus on the costs of each possible method.

> To get an accurate reading. it is generally agreed that the invigilation period should be at least four days in length.

> Invigilation is a theft act investigative technique that involves close supervision of suspects during an examination period.

> Tailing includes the use of video, e-mail, wiretapping. and access to PCs.

> If possible, when using theft act investigation methods, interviewing the prime suspects should happen last.

> Federal agencies provide better records than state or county agencies for conversion investigations.

> The fraud triangle plus inquiry paradigm is an effective way to understand the various types of fraud investigation methods.

> Unexplained changes are common in financial statements.

> Data-driven fraud detection can pay large dividends and is an effective way to reduce the cost of fraud in any organization.

> Digital analysis using Benford's Law can be performed on databases of any size.

> When using Benford's Law, potential suspects are less likely to know you are trying to detect fraud than if you use more direct detection techniques.

> According to Benford's Law, the first digit of natural sets of numbers will begin with a 9 more often than with an 8.

> Data-driven analysis uses the company's database to search for normal relationships between numbers.

> ODBC is the best approach to import because it achieves a direct, rich connection to the source database.

> Studies have found that the most common internal control problem when frauds occur is having a lack of proper authorizations.

> Before financial institutions can sell or disclose confidential customer information, they must provide customers with the opportunity to "opt out" from information sharing.

> Most people who commit fraud feel a perceived financial pressure.

> Because of the nature of fraud, auditors are often in the best position to detect its occurrence.

> Fraud is a crime that is seldom observed.

> A single symptom (red flag) is almost always enough information to identify the type of fraud scheme occurring.

> The z-score calculation is the best way to stratify data.

> Vertical analysis is a useful detection technique because percentages are easily understood.

> Vertical analysis is a more direct method than horizontal analysis in focusing on changes in financial statements from one period to another.

> Balance sheets must be converted to change statements before they can be used in detecting fraud.

> Unusual patterns always indicate the existence of fraud.

> First-time offenders usually exhibit no psychological changes.

> The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 made it more difficult for officials and private citizens to access information from financial institutions.

> As fraud perpetrators become more confident in their fraud schemes, they usually steal and spend increasingly larger amounts.

> Most people who commit fraud use the embezzled funds to save for retirement.

> Analytical fraud symptoms are the least effective way to detect fraud.

> The internal control system of an organization is comprised of the control environment, the accounting system, and control procedures (activities).

> Internal control weaknesses give employees opportunities to commit fraud.

> A check is an example of a source document.

> Recording an expense is a possible way to conceal the theft of cash.

> Some complaints and tips turn out to be unjustified.

> Auditors can best help detect fraud at the conversion stage.

> The three elements of a typical fraud consist of concealment, conversion, and completion.

> Conversion is the third element of the fraud investigation triangle.

> It is safe to assume that fraud has not occurred if one or more elements of the fraud triangle cannot be observed.

> Psychopaths feel no guilt because they have no conscience.

> Analytical anomalies are present in every fraud.

> The increasingly complex nature of business helps to decrease the number of collusive frauds.

> Even a good system of internal controls will often not be completely effective because of fallibilities of the people applying and enforcing the controls.

> Not prosecuting fraud perpetrators is cost-effective both in the short run and the long run.

> The two elements in creating a positive work environment are (1) having an open-door policy and (2) having positive personnel and operating procedures.

> When fraud is committed, the problem is often not a lack of controls, but the overriding of existing controls by management and others.

> A good internal control system within a company can ensure the absence of fraud.

> An important factor in creating a culture of honesty, openness, and assistance in the workplace is maintaining an employee assistance program.

> For various reasons, the net worth method tends to be a conservative estimate of amounts stolen.

> Perpetrators usually save what they steal.

> The ellipsoid 4x2 + 2y2 + z2 = 16 intersects the plane y = 2 in an ellipse. Find parametric equations for the tangent line to this ellipse at the point (1, 2, 2).

> The paraboloid z = 6 - x - x2 - 2y2 intersects the plane x = 1 in a parabola. Find parametric equations for the tangent line to this parabola at the point (1, 2, -4). Use a computer to graph the paraboloid, the parabola, and the tangent line on the same

> You are told that there is a function f whose partial derivatives are fx (x, y) = x + 4y and fy (x, y) = 3x - y. Should you believe it?

> A contour map is given for a function f. Use it to estimate fx (2, 1) and fy (2, 1). -3 6. -2 10 12 14. 2 16 3 18

> The following surfaces, labeled a, b, and c, are graphs of a function f and its partial derivatives fx and fy. Identify each surface and give reasons for your choices. 8 4 -4 a -8 -2 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 y 2. 3. 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 3 y -4 -8- -2 -3 -2 -1 0

> The average energy E (in kcal) needed for a lizard to walk or run a distance of 1 km has been modeled by the equation where m is the body mass of the lizard (in grams) and v is its speed (in km/h). Calculate Em (400, 8) and Ev (400, 8) and interpret y

> A model for the surface area of a human body is given by the function S = f (w, h) = 0.1091w0.425h0.725 where w is the weight (in pounds), h is the height (in inches), and S is measured in square feet. Calculate and interpret the partial derivatives.

> Find the limit, if it exists, or show that the limit does not exist. ху lim (x y-0, 0) Vx2 + y?

> Let g (x, y) = cos (x + 2y). (a). Evaluate g (2, -1). (b). Find the domain of g. (c). Find the range of g.

> Find the limit, if it exists, or show that the limit does not exist. 5y cos?x lim (x, y)(0, 0) x + y* 4

> Find the limit, if it exists, or show that the limit does not exist. x* – 4y? lim (x, y (0, 0) x? + 2y?