Question: Upjohn, also a major pharmaceutical company, is

> What are the characteristics of good (well-stated) hypotheses?

> Describe how CFA results helps provide evidence of construct validity.

> What is the difference between a fixed and free parameter?

> Why does the fact that SEM is a covariance technique reinforce its role as an explanatory tool?

> What is PLS and what are its key strengths and weaknesses?

> Define the terms exogenous construct and endogenous construct. How does one turn an exogenous construct into an endogenous construct in AMOS?

> Explain why SEM, originally conceptualized in the 1920s, took so long to catch on as a widely applied multivariate data analysis tool.

> What is PCA?

> Explain the concept of communality in factor analysis. How is it related to the concept of factor loadings?

> Define the term latent construct. How does factor analysis play a role in understanding latent constructs?

> What is the difference between a dimension and a segment? Describe examples of each.

> How does factor analysis help marketing research obtain greater parsimony?

> Why has cluster analysis become a more prominent tool in the big data era?

> What role does rotation play in factor analysis? What does it mean for a rotation to maintain a 90-degree angle?

> How does an analyst interpret the statistical significance and meaning of individual independent variables used in logistic regression?

> How is a cutting score used to determine group membership in discriminant analysis?

> How are MANOVA and discriminant analysis related?

> What types of research questions can be addressed by logistic regression?

> What is the primary difference in applications between discriminant analysis and logistic regression analysis?

> What is hierarchical regression analysis? How does it differ in approach from standard multiple regression?

> Define a moderation effect. Give a typical example. How do they account for context?

> Why is multivariate data analysis particularly useful in big data analysis?

> LMN Corporation, a real estate company, is planning to pay a dividend of $0.50 per share. Most of the investors in LMN are other corporations that pay 40% of their ordinary income and 28% of their capital gains as taxes. However, they are allowed to exem

> Southern Rail has just declared a dividend of $1. The average investor in Southern Rail faces an ordinary tax rate of 50%. Although the capital gains rate is also 50%, it is believed that the investor gets the advantage of deferring this tax until future

> Lube Oil, a chain of automobile service stations, reports net income of $100 million after depreciation of $50 million. The firm has capital expenditures of $80 mil- lion, and the noncash working capital increased from $25 to $40 million. Estimate the fi

> Assume in the previous question with Vernon Enterprises that the firm will earn a return on capital of 15% in perpetuity. a. Assume that the firm is in stable growth, growing 5% a year forever; estimate the firm’s reinvestment rate. b. Given th

> If Consolidated Power is priced at $50.00 with dividend, and its price falls to $46.50 when a dividend of $5.00 is paid, what is the implied marginal rate of personal taxes for its stockholders? Assume that the tax on capital gains is 40% of the person

> Assume you have all your wealth (a million dollars) invested in the Vanguard 500 index fund, and that you expect to earn an annual return of 12%, with a standard deviation in returns of 25%. Since you have become more risk averse, you decide to shift $

> Cello is a manufacturer of pianos. It earned an after-tax return on capital of 10% last year and expects to maintain this return next year. If the current year’s after-tax operating income is $100 million and the firm reinvests 50% of this income

> In the illustration in Problem 25, what would the tax rate on equity income need to be for debt to not have an effect on value?  

> The following regression was run using all NYSE firms in 1995 YIELD = 0.0478 − 0.0157 BETA + 0.0000008 MKTCAP + 0.006797 DBTRATIO + 0.0002 ROE − 0.09 NCEX∕TA R 2 = 12.88% Where BETA = beta of the stock, MKTCAP = market value of equity

> You are the owner of a small hardware store, and you are considering opening a gardening store in a vacant area in the back of your present store. You estimate that it will cost you $50,000 to set up the new store and that you will generate $10,000 in

> You are stockholder in a SmallTech, a company that is planning to raise new equity. The stock is trading at $15 per share, and there are 1 million shares outstanding. The firm issues 500,000 rights to buy additional shares at $10 per share to its exist

> You are using the multifactor model to estimate the expected return on Emerson Electric and have derived the following estimates for the factor betas and risk premia: With a riskless rate of 6%, estimate the expected return on Emerson Electric. &

> National City, a bank holding company, reported earnings per share of $2.40 and paid dividends per share of $1.06. The earnings had grown 7.5% a year over the prior five years, and were expected to grow 6% a year in the long run. The stock had a beta o

> United Airlines has a beta of 1.50. The standard deviation in the market portfolio is 22% and United Airlines has a standard deviation of 66%. a. Estimate the correlation between United Airlines and the market portfolio. b. What proportion of United

> You are the manager of a pharmaceutical company and are considering what type of laptop computers to buy for your salespeople to take with them on their calls. • You can buy fairly inexpensive (and less powerful) older machines for about $2,000 each. Th

> You have been asked to analyze the standard deviation of a portfolio composed of the following three assets: You have also been provided with the correlations across these three investments: Estimate the variance of a portfolio, equally weigh

> Sunshine Media has just completed an IPO, where 50 million shares of the 125 million shares outstanding were issued to the public at an offering price of $22 per share. On the offering date, the stock price zoomed to $40 per share. Who gains from this

> You are a small business owner considering two alternatives for your phone system. The discount rate is 8%. Which alternative would you pick?  

> The following is a regression of dividend payout ratios on the risk and ln(market capitalization: in millions) of chemical firms: Dividend Payout Ratio = 0.14 + 0.05 [ln(Market Capitalization in Millions)] − 0.1(Beta) Harman Chemicals has a mar

> You have been asked to estimate a Markowitz portfolio across a universe of 1,250 assets. a. How many expected returns and variances would you need to compute? b. How many covariances would you need to compute to obtain Markowitz portfolios?  

> Novell, which had a market value of equity of $2 billion and a beta of 1.50, announced that it was acquiring Word- Perfect, which had a market value of equity of $1 billion and a beta of 1.30. Neither firm had any debt in its financial structure at the t

> Tech Products reported a net loss of $80 million for the latest financial year. In addition, the firm reported a net capital expenditure of $70 million and a change in non- cash working capital of $10 million. Finally, the firm had $10 million in debt at

> Zycor Corporation obtains most of its funding internally. Assume that the stock has a beta of 1.2, the riskless rate is 6.5%, and the market risk premium is 6%. a. Estimate the cost of internal equity. b. Now assume that the cost of issuing new stock is

> Safecorp, which owns and operates grocery stores across the United States, currently has $50 million in debt and $100 million in equity outstanding. Its stock has a beta of 1.2. It is planning a leveraged buyout, where it will increase its debt-to-equity

> You have just been approached by a magazine with an offer for renewing your subscription. You can renew for one year at $20, two years for $36, or three years at $45. Assuming that you have an opportunity cost of 20% and the cost of a subscription will n

> You are trying to choose a new siding for your house. A salesman offers you two choices: a. Wood siding, which will last 10 years and cost $5,000to install and $1,000/year to maintain. b. Aluminum siding, which will last forever, cost $15,000 to install,

> The following table lists returns on the market portfolio and on Microsoft, each year from 1989 to 1998. a. Estimate the covariance in returns between Microsoft and the market portfolio. b. Estimate the variances in returns on both investments. c. Estima

> You have been asked to analyze the capital structure of DASA, an environmental waste disposal firm, and make recommendations on a future course of action. DASA has 40 million shares outstanding, selling at $20 per share, and a debt/equity ratio (in marke

> The unlevered beta of electronics firms, on average, is 1.1. The riskless rate is 6.5%, and the market risk premium is 6%. a. Estimate the expected return, using the CAPM. b. If you are a venture capitalist, why might you have a target rate of return muc

> You have been asked to compare three alternative investments and make a recommendation. • Project A has an initial investment of $5 million and after-tax cash flows of $2.5 million a year for the next five years. • Project B has no initial investment, af

> You are analyzing two mutually exclusive projects with the following cash flows: a. Estimate the NPV of each project, assuming a cost of capital of 10%. Which is the better project? b. Estimate the IRR for each project. Which is the better project? c. Wh

> Every investor in the capital asset pricing model owns a combination of the market portfolio and a riskless asset. Assume that the standard deviation of the market portfolio is 30% and that the expected return on the portfolio is 15%. What proportion of

> In Germany, large banks are often large lenders and large equity investors in the same firm. For instance, Deutsche Bank is the largest stockholder in Daimler Chrysler, as well as its largest lender. What are some of the potential conflicts that you see

> A prominent beta estimation service reports the beta of Comcast Corporation, a major cable TV operator, to be 1.45. The service claims to use weekly returns on the stock over the prior five years and the NYSE composite as the market index to estimate bet

> In the face of disappointing earnings results and increasingly assertive institutional stockholders, Eastman Kodak was considering the sale of its health division, which earned $560 million in EBIT in the most recent year on revenues of $5.285 billion. T

> RJR Nabisco, in response to stockholder pressure in 1996, announced a significant increase in dividends paid to stockholders financed by the sale of some of its assets. What would you expect the stock price to do? Why?

> Stock buybacks really do not return cash to stockholders because only those who sell back stock receive the cash. Is this statement true or false? Explain.

> Pfizer, a major pharmaceutical company, has a debt ratio of 10.30% and is considering increasing its debt ratio to 30%. Its cost of capital is expected to drop from 14.51% to 13.45%. Pfizer had an EBIT of $2 billion in 1995 and a book value of capital (d

> Terck, a leading pharmaceutical company, currently has a balance sheet that is as follows: The firm’s income statement looks as follows: The firm’s bonds are all 20-year bonds with a coupon rate of 10% that are selling

> You are a venture capitalist and have been approached by Cirrus Electronics, a private firm. The firm has no debt outstanding and does not have earnings now but is expected to be earning $15 million in four years, when you also expect it to go public. Th

> Estimate the MIRR for the project described in Problem 8. Does it change your decision on accepting this project?

> Reader’s Digest has voting and nonvoting shares. About 70% of the voting shares are held by charitable institutions, which are headed by the CEO of Reader’s Digest. Assume that you are a large holder of the nonvoting shares. Would you be concerned about

> New Age Telecomm is a young, high-growth telecommunications firm. It pays no dividends, although the average dividend payout for other firms in the telecommunications sector is 40%. Is New Age paying too little in dividends? Why or why not?

> Lockheed, one of the largest defense contractors in the United States, reported EBITDA of $1,290 million in a recent financial year, prior to interest expenses of $215 million and depreciation charges of $400 million. Capital expenditures amounted to $45

> WeeMart, a retailer of children’s clothes, announces a cut in dividends following a year in which both revenues and earnings dropped significantly. How would you expect its stock price to react? Explain.

> Assuming that you do the analysis in Problem 8 with both firm value and operating income, what are the reasons for the differences you might find in the results, using each? When would you use one over the other.

> You have been called in as a consultant for Herbert’s a sporting goods retail firm, which is examining its debt policy. The firm currently has a balance sheet as follows: The firm’s income statement is as follows: The

> Vernon Enterprises has current after-tax operating income of $100 million and a cost of capital of 10%. The firm earns a return on capital equal to its cost of capital. a. Assume that the firm is in stable growth, growing 5% a year forever; estimate the

> Assume now that Office Helpers decides to go public and would like to offer its shares at a target price of $10 per share. If the IPO is likely to be underpriced by 20%, how many shares should the firm have?

> The lining of a plating tank must be replaced every three years at the cost of approximately $2,000. A new lining material has been developed that is more resistant to the corrosive effects of the plating liquid and will cost approximately $4,000. If the

> You have estimated the following cash flows on a project: Plot the NPV profile for this project. What is the IRR? If the cost of equity is 16%, would you accept this project? Year Cash Flow to Equity (S) -5,000,000 4,000,000 1 2 4,000,000 3 -3,000,00

> The following table summarizes the percentage changes in operating income, percentage changes in revenue, and betas for four pharmaceutical firms. a. Calculate the degree of operating leverage for each of these firms. b. Use the operating leverage to exp

> Assume that the average variance of return for an individual security is 50% and that the average covariance is 10%. What is the expected variance of a portfolio of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 securities. How many securities need to be held before the risk of

> In recent years, top managers have been given large packages of options, giving them the right to buy stock in the firm at a fixed price. Will these compensation schemes make managers more responsive to stockholders? Why or why not? Are lenders to the fi

> Would your answer be different for the previous problem if JC Automobiles were a large firm followed by thirty-five analysts? Why or why not?

> Tech Products, from Question 7, pays a dividend of $40 million. Assuming that the firm started the period with no cash, how did it raise the funding for the dividend payment?

> Union Pacific Railroad reported net income of $770 million after interest expenses of $320 million in a recent financial year. (The corporate tax rate was 36%.) It reported depreciation of $960 million in that year, and capital spending was $1.2 billion.

> Repeat the analysis in Problem 7 for a private firm that has provided you with the following estimates of operating income for the 10 years, for which you have the macroeconomic data: Operating Income Year (in dollars thousands) 1985 463.05 1986 411.

> BMD is a firm with no debt on its books currently anda market value of equity of $2 billion. On the basis of its EBITDA of $200 million, it can afford to have a debt ratio of 50%, at which level the firm value should be $300 million higher. a. Assuming t

> GenCorp, an automotive parts manufacturer, currently has $25 million in outstanding debt and has 10 million shares outstanding. The book value per share is $10, and the market price per share is $25. The company is currently rated A, its bonds have a yie

> Office Helpers is a private firm that manufactures and sells office supplies. The firm has limited capital and is estimated to have a value of $80 million with the capital constraints. A venture capitalist is willing to contribute $20 million to the firm

> You are helping a bookstore decide whether it should open a coffee shop on the premises. The details of the investment are as follows: • The coffee shop will cost $50,000 to open; it will have a five-year life and be depreciated straight line over the pe

> You are provided with the following cash flows on a project: Plot the net present value (NPV) profile for this project. What is the IRR? If this firm had a cost of capital of 10% and a cost of equity of 15%, would you accept this project? Year Operat

> You are analyzing the beta for Hewlett Packard and have broken down the company into four broad business groups, with market values and betas for each group. a. Estimate the beta for Hewlett Packard as a company. Is this beta going to be equal to the bet

> Consider the project described in Problem 6. Assume that the firm plans to finance 40% of its net capital expenditure and working capital needs with debt. a. Estimate the cash flow to equity for each of the four years. b. Estimate the payback period for

> Companies outside the United States often have two classes of stock outstanding. One class of shares is voting and is held by the incumbent managers of the firm. The other class is nonvoting and represents the bulk of traded shares. What are the conseque

> Now assume that Gemco Jewelers has $10 million in cash and non-operating assets and that the firm has $15 million in outstanding debt. a. Estimate the value of equity in the firm. b. If the firm has 5 million shares outstanding, estimate the value of equ

> JC Automobiles is a small auto parts manufacturing firm that has paid $1.00 in annual dividends each year for the past five years. It announces that dividends will increase to $1.25 next year. What would you expect the price reaction to be? Why? If your

> You are attempting to structure a debt issue for Eaton Corporation, a manufacturer of automotive components. You have collected the following information on the market values of debt and equity for the past 10 years: In addition, you have the following i

> Plastico, a manufacturer of consumer plastic products, is evaluating its capital structure. The balance sheet of the company is as follows (in millions): In addition, you are provided the following information: • The debt is in the form

> UB is examining its capital structure with the intent of arriving at an optimal debt ratio. It currently has no debt and has a beta of 1.5. The riskless interest rate is 9%. Your research indicates that the debt rating will be as follows at different deb

> You are considering the possibility of replacing an existing machine that has a book value of $500,000, a remaining depreciable life of five years, and a salvage value of $300,000. The replacement machine will cost $2 million and have a 10-year life. Ass

> Antitakeover amendments can be in the best interests of stockholders. Under what conditions is this likely to be true?

> Geotech Inc., which has had a history of high growth and pays no dividends, announces that it will start paying dividends next quarter. How would you expect its stock price to react to the announcement? Why?

> Gemco Jewelers earned $5 million in after-tax operating income in the most recent year. The firm also had capital expenditures of $4 million and depreciation of $2 million during the year, and the noncash working capital at the end of the year was $10 mi

> Now assume that Lube Oil has a return on equity of 5% and a cost of equity of 10%. As a stockholder in Lube Oil, would you want the firm to change its dividend policy? Why or why not?

> Assume now that you have uncovered the following facts about the types of projects STL takes: • The projects are primarily infrastructure projects, requiring large initial investments and long gestation periods. • Most of the new projects will be in emer

> You have been hired as a management consultant by AD Corporation to evaluate whether it has an appropriate amount of debt (the company is worried about a leveraged buyout). You have collected the following information on AD’s current po