21) From the choices below, select the one correct physical evidence collection procedure. A) Bloodstained garments should be packaged separately in paper bags. B) Items recovered from the scene of a murder should be sent along with the body to the medical examiner. C) All items collected from the same grid area should be packaged together. D) Manilla envelopes are ideal for storing evidence such as powders and fine particles. 22) Investigators should collect possible carriers of trace evidence which may include: A) Vacuum sweepings. B) Clothing. C) Fingernail scrapings. D) All of the above 23) Changes to evidence, such as contamination, can be prevented by handling evidence with: A) Latex gloves. B) Dry, bare hands. C) Disposable forceps. D) Both A and C 24) Charred debris from an arson scene should be: A) Placed together with similar items in a paper bag. B) Placed in Ziploc® bags. C) Packaged in airtight metal paint cans. D) Aired out before packing in plastic wrap. 25) A victim’s fingernail scrapings would be correctly packaged in: A) A druggist fold. B) A plastic Ziploc® bag. C) Sealed, airtight containers. D) Both B and C. 26) The successful outcome of a criminal investigation is almost always directly related to: A) The manner in which the evidence is collected and preserved. B) The number of people employed in the crime lab. C) The volume of the physical evidence collected. D) Whether the crime is considered high-profile. 27) A properly maintained chain of custody is NOT the responsibility of the: A) Crime-scene processor. B) Evidence clerk. C) Forensic technician. D) Trial judge. 28) Success in the recognition and collection of physical evidence is determined primarily by the: A) Notoriety of the case. B) Time available to the evidence collectors. C) Skill of personnel processing the crime scene. D) Type of evidence involved. 29) The collection of standard reference samples at the crime scene is important because they: A) Permit comparisons to be made with the evidence. B) Are obtained only from suspects in cases of violent assault. C) Serve as a source of extra test material if required in the crime lab. D) All of the above 30) The presence of blood and semen at crime scenes exposes investigators to: A) Hepatitis B. B) AIDS. C) Both A and B. D) Neither A nor B.
> 11) In general, as the force of the impact on the source of blood increases, the velocity of the blood droplets emanating from the source ________. 12) Drops propelled from a pointed surface will be smaller and the pattern more ________. 13) Cast-off p
> In cooperation with the medical examiner or coroner, what type of evidence is to be retrieved from a deceased victim for examination in the crime laboratory?
> 1) ________ spatter is projected outward and away from the source. 2) In general, as both the force and velocity of impact increase, the diameter of the resulting blood droplets ________. 3) The location of injury, the size of the wound created, the di
> 11) The process of identification requires the adoption of testing procedures that give characteristic results for specific ________ materials. 12) The product rule is used to determine the frequency of occurrence of ________ profiles, typically determi
> 31) The firearms unit may also analyze tool marks. A) True B) False 32) Physical evidence is subject to bias. A) True B) False 33) One major problem in forensic DNA laboratories is the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples. A) True B) False 34) Region
> 21) Karl Landsteiner and Leone Lattes are associated with the area of blood typing. A) True B) False 22) Dr. Walter C. McCrone made significant contributions to forensic science using the microscope. A) True B) False 23) The increase in crime rates in
> 11) The physical science unit would perform soil and mineral analysis. A) True B) False 12) The comparison of hairs and fibers would be performed in the biology unit. A) True B) False 13) Examining garments and other objects in order to detect firea
> 1) One of the earliest crime laboratories was founded by Albert Osborn. A) True B) False 2) The case of Frye v. United States deals with the legal issue of general acceptance of scientific principles. A) True B) False 3) The administration of a polygra
> 11) The iris is responsible for obtaining a clear picture of what a person is actually seeing. A) True B) False 12) Like iris biometrics, facial recognition scans are intrusive and cannot gain data in a way that is comfortable and hygienic for its users
> 1) There are three main functions of biometrics. A) True B) False 2) Linear discriminant analysis is considered a model-based facial recognition. A) True B) False 3) The military has been using biometrics for an extended period of time to keep sensiti
> 21) Skeletal bones are resistant to rapid decomposition. A) True B) False 22) Forensic entomology is often used to help estimate the time of death. A) True B) False 23) The known sequence of arrival of different insect groups cannot help to determine t
> 11) Another name for a bruise is a contusion. A) True B) False 12) High levels of carbon monoxide are needed to cause a victim to become disoriented. A) True B) False 13) Carbon monoxide levels continue to rise in the body even after death. A) True B)
> What is postmortem redistribution and how do forensic pathologists avoid it?
> 1) It is not feasible for a medical examiner to respond to every death scene in person. A) True B) False 2) A pathologist must examine a body’s wounds to determine if the death was a homicide and if the assailant had intent to kill. A) True B) False 3)
> 11) The three kinds of crime scene fingerprints are visible prints, invisible prints, and latent prints. A) True B) False 12) Soft and porous surfaces are preferably developed by applying fingerprint powder or treating with Superglue. A) True B) False
> 1) Ridge characteristics are ridge endings, bifurcations, enclosures, and other ridge details which must match in two fingerprints to establish their common origin. A) True B) False 2) The shape of the boundary formed from dermal papillae determines th
> 11) Voids may help investigators establish the body position of the victim or assailant at the time of the incident. A) True B) False 12) The first transfer pattern will be lighter in color while subsequent transfers will be increasingly dark and heavy
> 1) The pointed end of a bloodstain always faces its direction of travel. A) True B) False 2) A bloodstain that impacts a surface at a low angle with have a shorter tail than one that impacts at a higher angle. A) True B) False 3) Forward spatter is
> 11) Juries often accord scientific evidence lesser weight than other evidence. A) True B) False 12) CODIS is maintained by the FBI and thus does not enable local crime laboratories to electronically exchange and compare DNA profiles. A) True B) False
> 1) Evidence having class characteristics can exonerate an innocent suspect. A) True B) False 2) Determining that an explosive mixture contains dynamite is an example of the process of comparison. A) True B) False 3) The “jigsaw fit” of known and ques
> 31) Evidence may be moved only after investigators have documented its location and appearance in notes, sketches, and photographs. A) True B) False 32) The investigator should not remove trace evidence from items at the crime scene; instead, he or she
> 21) Failure to protect a crime scene properly may result in the destruction or altering of evidence. A) True B) False 22) The first priority of the first officer responding to a crime scene is securing the crime scene. A) True B) False 23) Unauthoriz
> 11) Ordinary mailing envelopes should not be used as evidence containers. A) True B) False 12) Bloodstained materials should be packaged in wrapping paper, manila envelopes, or paper bags. A) True B) False 13) The chain of custody does not usually pl
> Briefly describe the processes of algor mortis, livor mortis, and rigor mortis.
> 1) The obligation to maintain the integrity of evidence belongs to the first police officer at the scene only. A) True B) False 2) The relative evidential value of laboratory test results almost always depends on the way the evidence is collected and p
> 21) Which of the following systems is highly beneficial for law enforcement safety in that it allows for officers to fingerprint individuals they come into contact with quickly to detect whether or not they pose a potential threat? A) MorphoTrak B) IPS C
> 11) Which of the following features would NOT serve as a variable for analysis in biometric facial recognition? A) Cheekbones B) Neck C) Chin D) Widow’s peak 12) Which facial recognition technique uses a sequence of graphs to map the nonlinear relations
> 1) When Apple introduced the iPhone 5s in 2013, what breakthrough technology did this model contain? A) Video recording B) Extended battery life C) Retinal scanning option D) Touch ID 2) What is the most commonly used type of behavioral biometrics? A)
> 41) As the post mortem interval increases, the concentration of potassium in the vitreous humor of the eye: A) Increases. B) Decreases. C) Remains the same. D) Varies based on gender. 42) Which is NOT a manner of death? A) Natural B) Drowning C) H
> 31) Evidence of tampering with the position of a body after death can be obtained by evaluating the: A) Rigor mortis. B) Algor mortis. C) Livor mortis. D) Both B and C 32) Rigor mortis refers to the: A) Temperature of death. B) Stiffness of death. C
> 21) Hanging cases will typically display: A) Fracture of the hyoid bone. B) Fracture of the thyroid cartilage. C) Abundance of large petechiae on the eyelids. D) Blue appearance of the face. 22) Which is commonly fractured in strangulation cases? A) Hyo
> 11) Pulmonary edema is frequently found in victims that chronically abuse: A) Marijuana. B) Amphetamines. C) Heroin. D) Alcohol. 12) Beginning an hour after death, the body will lose heat at an approximate rate of: A) 0 — 0.5°F per hour. B) 0.5 — 1°F pe
> 1) What can be used in identifying a deceased individual? A) Fingerprinting B) Dental examination C) Facial reconstruction D) All of the above 2) The death of an individual suffering from chronic alcoholism is ruled: A) Natural. B) Accidental. C) Suicid
> 51) Computerized fingerprint search systems match prints by comparing the position of ________ and ________. A) Loops; arches B) Minutiae; ridge characteristics C) Bifurcations; ridge endings D) Ridges; furrows 52) The image produced from a digital file
> Explain the difference between autolysis and putrefaction. What are these processes dependent on?
> 41) The fingerprint pattern accounting for only 5% of all known patterns is the: A) Arch. B) Radial loop. C) Ulnar loop. D) Whorl. 42) A fingerprint pattern having no delta is a(n): A) Arch. B) Loop. C) Plain whorl. D) Central pocket loop. 43) Protein
> 31) In which order should chemical treatments to visualize latent prints be performed? 1. Ninhydrin 2. Iodine fuming 3. Physical developer A) 1, 3, 2 B) 2, 1, 3 C) 3, 1, 2 D) 1, 2, 3 32) Superglue fuming is NOT suitable for use on: A) Cardboard. B
> 21) The FBI’s IAFIS became fully operational in: A) 1977. B) 1989. C) 1991. D) 1999. 22) The AFIS search algorithm determines the degree of ________ between the location and relationship of the minutiae between the questioned fingerprint and those in
> 11) Prints that are not readily visible are commonly referred to as: A) Latent. B) Open. C) Plastic. D) Patent. 12) To permanently alter the fingerprint and produce scars, one must damage the: A) Minutiae. B) Ridges. C) Epidermis. D) Dermal papillae
> 1) Sir Francis Galton, in writing his textbook on fingerprints, built on the groundbreaking work in this area done by: A) Henry. B) Bertillon. C) Vucetich. D) Faulds. 2) The fingerprint classification system used in most English speaking countries was
> 31) Crime-scene reconstruction involves the efforts of all EXCEPT the: A) Trial judge. B) Medical examiner. C) Police. D) Criminalist. 32) The ________ of a bloodstain pattern in a three-dimensional space illustrates the position of the victim or suspec
> 21) Which of the following is of paramount importance in the interpretation of bloodstain patterns? A) The direction of impact B) The surface texture C) The angle of impact D) The amount of blood 22) When an object blocks the deposition of blood spatter
> 11) The pressure of the pumping of oxygenated blood out of an injury causes bright red-colored blood to spurt out and form a(n): A) Void pattern. B) Expirated pattern. C) Projected pattern. D) Both B and C 12) The removal of an object or surface that wa
> 1) The amount of spatter from a blood droplet falling on a hard, non-porous surface is ________ that of a drop of blood of equal size, falling from the same distance, onto a softer, porous surface. A) The same as B) Less than C) Greater than 2) The p
> 21) Which database includes more than 300 manufacturers of shoes with more than 8,000 different sole patterns? A) PDQ B) SICAR C) IAFIS D) CODIS 22) Which source of CODIS contains DNA profiles from unsolved crime scene evidence? A) Offender index B) Nat
> Explain how the presence of certain insects can help a forensic entomologist estimate the time of death
> 11) Evidence having class characteristics can: A) Exonerate an innocent suspect. B) Link a person to a crime with a high degree of certainty. C) Always be fitted together in the manner of a jigsaw puzzle. D) Have no evidential value. 12) If the laborato
> 1) Evidence with individual characteristics can lead to a determination of common origin (single source). Which type of evidence CANNOT yield such results? A) Random striations on tools B) Fingerprints C) Wear patterns on tires D) Single-layer paints
> 31) The removal of any evidence from a person or from the scene of a crime must be done in conformity with the privileges of which amendment to the Constitution? A) Sixth B) Fourth C) Fifth D) First 32) The police are NOT required to obtain a search
> 11) CAD programs enhance the ability to: A) Take complete notes. B) Develop photographs. C) Edit video footage. D) Produce a finished crime-scene sketch. 12) Which statement about note-taking is NOT true? A) The individual who packaged and marked item
> 1) After providing or obtaining medical assistance for the injured and effecting an arrest of suspects (if possible), the first officer arriving at a crime scene should immediately: A) Search for evidence. B) Secure the scene. C) Make a rough sketch of
> 51) The search pattern that employs two people performing line searches that originate from adjacent corners is: A) Line. B) Grid. C) Spiral. D) Wheel. 52) Which search pattern employs several people moving from the boundary straight toward the center o
> 41) The manner of collecting and preserving physical evidence at a crime scene is determined by: A) The circumstances of the crime. B) The importance of the case. C) The number of evidence collectors present at the crime scene. D) The nature of the evide
> 31) A crime scene which involved the collapse of a structure would be analyzed by specialists in the area of: A) Forensic computer and digital analysis. B) Forensic error analysis. C) Criminalistics. D) Forensic engineering. 32) What factor(s) do(es) th
> 21) Bite marks would be LEAST likely to be found in cases involving: A) Murder. B) Child abuse. C) Arson. D) Sexual abuse. 22) Forensic odontology refers to the study of: A) Drugs. B) Pollen. C) Teeth. D) Bones. 23) Which of the following services are
> Describe the various victim characteristics that can be determined by a forensic anthropologist.
> 11) The oldest forensic laboratory in the United States is that of the: A) N.Y.C. Police Department. B) FBI. C) Los Angeles Police Department. D) Secret Service. 12) Which of the following can be rightfully cited as an explanation for the rapid growth o
> 1) Forensic science is the application of science to: A) Crime scene reconstruction. B) Civil laws. C) Criminal laws. D) Both criminal and civil laws. 2) The fictional character of Sherlock Holmes was created by: A) Dalton. B) Doyle. C) Darwin. D) Dento
> Explain the reasons why it is important to consider the relevance of scientific evidence before allowing it to be introduced into a criminal case.
> For each of the early forensic science methods listed below, denote the more recent technology or discipline which has taken its place for use in forensic science inquiry. a. Identification via anthropometry b. Firearms bullet and cartridge analysis via
> Describe the evidence to be collected and the specialists or crime laboratory units that would be needed to properly analyze the following crime scene and answer the given questions. On Monday, September 26, 2011, a small airplane believed to be transpor
> Discuss why iris biometrics are preferred over retina biometrics.
> Explain the collection steps in gathering biometric data.
> Explain the importance of the forensic pathologist or medical examiner making proper classifications of a victim’s wounds during the autopsy.
> What conclusions about the position of a victim and an attacker can be drawn from the presence of defensive wounds on the forearms and hands of the victim? How about defensive wounds on the legs and feet?
> Discuss how fingerprints on the following surfaces should best be visualized, documented, and preserved. a. Latent fingerprint on a silver-colored butter knife b. Visible fingerprint (black) on the white wall of a house c. Latent fingerprint on a large m
> What is the difference between a visible, plastic, and latent fingerprint? What are three techniques that could be used to develop latent fingerprints?
> Using the description given below of the types of fingerprint patterns on each finger of a suspect, give the primary classification of the individual. Finger Right Hand Left Hand Thumb Whorl Whorl Index Loop Loop Middle Loop Loop Ring
> An investigator is faced with clustered and irregularly colored bloodstain patterns at a crime scene that he believes could have originated from an arterial or oral injury. What characteristics of projected and expirated blood patterns can assist the inv
> What conclusion can be deduced if fine droplets of the victim’s blood are found inside the muzzle of a firearm at an outdoor crime scene, where the victim suffered several gunshot wounds?
> List five examples of each of the following types of physical evidence: biological materials, impressions, and manufactured items.
> Explain how compatibility of forensic databases and a common depository for entries assists forensic investigations.
> Use the product rule to determine the frequency of occurrence of an individual in the population exhibiting a blood sample with the following factors included: Blood Factor ………….. Frequency in the General Population AB …………………………………………………………………………16% Rh
> Indicate whether the types of evidence listed below likely display individual or class characteristics. a. A well-developed and collected latent fingerprint b. Random striations on a discharged bullet c. Single-layer paint chip d. A footwear impression w
> What are three reasons why it is not possible to define a simple analytical scheme that can be applied to all types of evidence?
> If no crime scene analysis is carried out with the death investigation, what types of evidence may never be located and recovered?
> Discuss what information, specifically about timing, is provided by the state of the following searched crime scenes. a. A young woman is found dead near the front door of her home. She had not reported to work at 8 am. The morning newspaper is on the k
> What is primary classification of fingerprints and why is it important? Observe your fingerprints, and write out what pattern is shown on each finger. Calculate the primary classification your fingerprints fall into.
> State which crime scene search pattern(s) would be best utilized for the following crime scene areas. a. One investigator must search a small classroom at a community college. b. Five investigators must search a large cornfield. c. Two investigators must
> List the advantages of incorporating an evidence collection unit into the organizational structure of the crime laboratory.
> List the underlying reasons for the rapid growth of crime laboratories in the United States since the late 1960s.
> Briefly explain how biometric facial recognition works.
> What is the difference between the enrollment process and the extraction process as it relates to biometric data?
> Briefly explain how an iris biometric system works.
> Why is it pointless to try to obscure or obliterate one’s fingerprints by scarring or otherwise damaging the skin?
> What is digital imaging? How is it useful for analyzing fingerprints?
> Give three reasons why alternate light sources have replaced lasers for visualizing latent prints.
> Describe the basic process used to “lift” a fingerprint. When should this procedure be used?
> Explain why the FBI’s Repository of Individuals of Special Concerns (RISC) is particularly beneficial for law enforcement.
> Name two main drawbacks to using AFIS.
> If the distribution and pattern of bloodstains at a crime scene are not properly documented and analyzed, what potential information could be missed?
> Name two major limitations of crime-scene reconstruction.
> Name and describe two methods for documenting bloodstain patterns.
> What determines the size of blood drops in a cast-off pattern? Explain.
> Define the terms area of convergence and area of origin and explain what each reveals to an investigator.
> Provide five examples of physical evidence that may be recovered at a crime scene.
> Explain the difference between identification and comparison
> List some of the advantages of class physical evidence.
> Name three forensic databases and describe the type of information stored in each.
> What is the difference between physiological biometrics and behavioral biometrics? What are some examples of each type of forensic biometrics?
