Question: A 350-kg roller coaster car starts

> At the intersection of Texas Avenue and University Drive, a yellow subcompact car with mass 950 kg traveling east on University collides with a red pickup truck with mass 1900 kg that is traveling north on Texas and has run a red light (Fig. E8.41). The

> To protect their young in the nest, peregrine falcons will fly into birds of prey (such as ravens) at high speed. In one such episode, a 600-g falcon flying at 20.0 m/s hit a 1.50-kg raven flying at 9.0 m/s. The falcon hit the raven at right angles to it

> Jack (mass 55.0 kg) is sliding due east with speed 8.00 m>s on the surface of a frozen pond. He collides with Jill (mass 48.0 kg), who is initially at rest. After the collision, Jack is traveling at 5.00 m/s in a direction 34.0° north of east. What is J

> Two cars collide at an intersection. Car A, with a mass of 2000 kg, is going from west to east, while car B, of mass 1500 kg, is going from north to south at 15 m/s. As a result, the two cars become enmeshed and move as one. As an expert witness, you ins

> The maximum height a typical human can jump from a crouched start is about 60 cm. By how much does the gravitational potential energy increase for a 72­kg person in such a jump? Where does this energy come from?

> In one day, a 75­kg mountain climber ascends from the 1500­m level on a vertical cliff to the top at 2400 m. The next day, she descends from the top to the base of the cliff, which is at an elevation of 1350 m. What is her change in gravitational potenti

> What is the average force the fish exerts on the drop of water? (a) 0.00015 N; (b) 0.00075 N; (c) 0.075 N; (d) 0.15 N.

> What is the speed of the archerfish immediately after it expels the drop of water? (a) 0.0025 m/s; (b) 0.012 m/s; (c) 0.75 m/s; (d) 2.5 m/s.

> On a very muddy football field, a 110-kg linebacker tackles an 85-kg halfback. Immediately before the collision, the linebacker is slipping with a velocity of 8.8 m/s north and the halfback is sliding with a velocity of 7.2 m/s east. What is the velocity

> A field researcher uses the slow-motion feature on her phone’s camera to shoot a video of an eel spinning at its maximum rate. The camera records at 120 frames per second. Through what angle does the eel rotate from one frame to the next? (a) 1°; (b) 10°

> When calculating the moment of inertia of an object, can we treat all its mass as if it were concentrated at the center of mass of the object? Justify your answer.

> In part (d) of Table 9.2, the thickness of the plate must be much less than a for the expression given for I to apply. But in part (c), the expression given for I applies no matter how thick the plate is. Explain. Table 9.2: TABLE 9.2 Moments of In

> A hollow spherical shell of radius R that is rotating about an axis through its center has rotational kinetic energy K. If you want to modify this sphere so that it has three times as much kinetic energy at the same angular speed while keeping the same m

> The potential ­ energy function for a force

> A cylindrical body has mass M and radius R. Can the mass be distributed within the body in such a way that its moment of inertia about its axis of symmetry is greater than MR2? Explain.

> In Example 8.4 (Section 8.2), consider the system consisting of the rifle plus the bullet. What is the speed of the system’s center of mass after the rifle is fired? Explain. Example 8.4: A marksman holds a rifle of mass mR = 3.00 kg loosely, so it can

> A woman stands in the middle of a perfectly smooth, frictionless, frozen lake. She can set herself in motion by throwing things, but suppose she has nothing to throw. Can she propel herself to shore without throwing anything?

> For a system of two particles we often let the potential energy for the force between the particles approach zero as the separation of the particles approaches infinity. If this choice is made, explain why the potential energy at non infinite separation

> Figure 7.22b shows the potential ­ energy function associated with the gravitational force between an object and the earth. Use this graph to explain why objects always fall toward the earth when they are released. Figure 7.22b: (b) Grav

> A marble moves along the x-axis. The potential-energy function is shown in Fig. E7.36. (a) At which of the labeled x-coordinates is the force on the marble zero? (b) Which of the labeled x-coordinates is a position of stable equilibrium? (c) Which of the

> A net force of 4 N acts on an object initially at rest for 0.25 s and gives it a final speed of 5 m/s. How could a net force of 2 N produce the same final speed?

> A net force with x-component Fx acts on an object from time t1 to time t2 . The x-component of the momentum of the object is the same at t1 as it is at t2, but Fx is not zero at all times between t1 and t2 . What can you say about the graph of Fx

> In physical terms, explain why friction is a non conservative force. Does it store energy for future use?

> A machine gun is fired at a steel plate. Is the average force on the plate from the bullet impact greater if the bullets bounce off or if they are squashed and stick to the plate? Explain.

> When people are cold, they often rub their hands together to warm up. How does doing this produce heat? Where does the heat come from?

> A glass dropped on the floor is more likely to break if the floor is concrete than if it is wood. Why?

> To maximize the moment of inertia of a flywheel while minimizing its weight, what shape and distribution of mass should it have? Explain.

> Since for a particle the kinetic energy is given by K = 1 2 mv2 and the momentum by

> In Fig. Q9.4, how are the radial accelerations of points at the teeth of the two sprockets related? Explain. Fig. Q9.4: Wpear rear front Rear sprocket Pfront Front sprocket

> People often call their electric bill a power bill, yet the quantity on which the bill is based is expressed in kilowatt-hours. What are people really being billed for?

> The potential energy of two atoms in a diatomic molecule is approximated by U(r)=(a/r12)-1b/r62, where r is the spacing between atoms and a and b are positive constants. (a) Find the force F® on one atom as a function of r. Draw two graphs: one of U(r) v

> A woman bounces on a trampoline, going a little higher with each bounce. Explain how she increases the total mechanical energy.

> In Fig. Q9.4, all points on the chain have the same linear speed. Is the magnitude of the linear acceleration also the same for all points on the chain? How are the angular accelerations of the two sprockets related? Explain. Fig. Q9.4: Wpear rear

> A truck is accelerating as it speeds down the highway. One inertial frame of reference is attached to the ground with its origin at a fence post. A second frame of reference is attached to a police car that is traveling down the highway at constant veloc

> A car has the same kinetic energy when it is traveling south at 30 m/s as when it is traveling northwest at 30 m/s. Is the momentum of the car the same in both cases? Explain.

> In splitting logs with a hammer and wedge, is a heavy hammer more effective than a lighter hammer? Why?

> A baseball is thrown straight up with initial speed v0. If air resistance cannot be ignored, when the ball returns to its initial height its speed is less than v0. Explain why, using energy concepts.

> These results are from a computer simulation for a batted baseball with mass 0.145 kg, including air resistance: How much work did the air do on the baseball (a) as the ball moved from its initial position to its maximum height, and (b) as the ball mov

> A system of two paint buckets connected by a lightweight rope is released from rest with the 12.0-kg bucket 2.00 m above the floor (Fig. P7.51). Use the principle of conservation of energy to find the speed with which this bucket strikes the floor. Ignor

> A 1500-kg rocket is to be launched with an initial upward speed of 50.0 m/s. In order to assist its engines, the engineers will start it from rest on a ramp that rises 53° above the horizontal (Fig. P7.50). At the bottom, the ramp turns upward

> The Great Sandini is a 60-kg circus performer who is shot from a cannon (actually a spring gun). You don’t find many men of his caliber, so you help him design a new gun. This new gun has a very large spring with a very small mass and a force constant of

> An object moving in the xy-plane is acted on by a conservative force described by the potential-energy function U(x, y)= a[(1/x2)+(1/y2)], where a is a positive constant. Derive an expression for the force expressed in terms of the unit vectors

> You are designing a delivery ramp for crates containing exercise equipment. The 1470-N crates will move at 1.8 m/s at the top of a ramp that slopes downward at 22.0°. The ramp exerts a 515-N kinetic friction force on each crate, and the maximum static fr

> A bungee cord is 30.0 m long and, when stretched a distance x, it exerts a restoring force of magnitude kx. Your father-in-law (mass 95.0 kg) stands on a platform 45.0 m above the ground, and one end of the cord is tied securely to his ankle and the othe

> A 2.8-kg block slides over the smooth, icy hill shown in Fig. P7.46. The top of the hill is horizontal and 70 m higher than its base. What minimum speed must the block have at the base of the 70-m hill to pass over the pit at the far (right hand) side of

> A 15.0-kg stone slides down a snow-covered hill (Fig. P7.45), leaving point A at a speed of 10.0 m/s. There is no friction on the hill between points A and B, but there is friction on the level ground at the bottom of the hill, between B and the wall. A

> A 28-kg rock approaches the foot of a hill with a speed of 15 m/s. This hill slopes upward at a constant angle of 40.0° above the horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the hill and the rock are 0.75 and 0.20, respectively. (

> A 2.0-kg piece of wood slides on a curved surface (Fig. P7.43). The sides of the surface are perfectly smooth, but the rough horizontal bottom is 30 m long and has a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.20 with the wood. The piece of wood starts from rest 4

> A car in an amusement park ride rolls without friction around a track (Fig. P7.42). The car starts from rest at point A at a height h above the bottom of the loop. Treat the car as a particle. (a) What is the minimum value of h (in terms of R) such that

> A 2.00-kg block is pushed against a spring with negligible mass and force constant k = 400 N/m, compressing it 0.220 m. When the block is released, it moves along a frictionless, horizontal surface and then up a frictionless incline with slope 37.0&Acirc

> A block with mass 0.50 kg is forced against a horizontal spring of negligible mass, compressing the spring a distance of 0.20 m (Fig. P7.39). When released, the block moves on a horizontal tabletop for 1.00 m before coming to rest. The force constant k i

> A small block with mass 0.0400 kg is moving in the xy-plane. The net force on the block is described by the potential- energy function U(x, y)=(5.80 J/m2)x2 –(3.60 J/m3)y3. What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the block when it is

> Two blocks with different masses are attached to either end of a light rope that passes over a light, frictionless pulley suspended from the ceiling. The masses are released from rest, and the more massive one starts to descend. After this block has desc

> At a construction site, a 65.0-kg bucket of concrete hangs from a light (but strong) cable that passes over a light, friction-free pulley and is connected to an 80.0-kg box on a horizontal roof (Fig. P7.37). The cable pulls horizontally on the box, and a

> You are rebuilding a 1965 Chevrolet. To decide whether to replace the flywheel with a newer, lighter-weight one, you want to determine the moment of inertia of the original, 35.6-cm-diameter flywheel. It is not a uniform disk, so you canâ€&#15

> You are analyzing the motion of a large flywheel that has radius 0.800 m. In one test run, the wheel starts from rest and turns with constant angular acceleration. An accelerometer on the rim of the flywheel measures the magnitude of the resultant accele

> A technician is testing a computer-controlled, variable-speed motor. She attaches a thin disk to the motor shaft, with the shaft at the center of the disk. The disk starts from rest, and sensors attached to the motor shaft measure the angular acceleratio

> The Crab Nebula is a cloud of glowing gas about 10 light years across, located about 6500 light-years from the earth (Fig. P9.86). It is the remnant of a star that underwent a supernova explosion, seen on earth in 1054 A.D. Energy is released by the Cra

> A sphere with radius R = 0.200 m has density r that decreases with distance r from the center of the sphere according to r = 3.00 × 103 kg/m3 –(9.00 × 103 kg/m4)r. (a) Calculate the total mass of the sphere. (b) Calculate the moment of inertia of the sph

> A thin, uniform rod is bent into a square of side length a. If the total mass is M, find the moment of inertia about an axis through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the square.

> A dancer is spinning at 72 rpm about an axis through her center with her arms outstretched (Fig. P9.83). From biomedical measurements, the typical distribution of mass in a human body is as follows: Head: 7.0% Arms: 13% (for both) Trunk and legs: 80.0% S

> Using Problem 9.81 as a guide, apply it to a person running at 12 km/h, with his arms and legs each swinging through ±30° in 1/2 s. As before, assume that the arms and legs are kept straight. Data from Problem 9.81: If a person of mass M simply moved

> The potential energy of a pair of hydrogen atoms separated by a large distance x is given by U(x)= -C6>x6, where C6 is a positive constant. What is the force that one atom exerts on the other? Is this force attractive or repulsive?

> A baseball is thrown from the roof of a 22.0-m-tall building with an initial velocity of magnitude 12.0 m/s and directed at an angle of 53.1° above the horizontal. (a) What is the speed of the ball just before it strikes the ground? Use energy methods an

> If a person of mass M simply moved forward with speed V, his kinetic energy would be 1/2 MV2. However, in addition to possessing a forward motion, various parts of his body (such as the arms and legs) undergo rotation. Therefore, his total kinetic energy

> In Fig. P9.80, the cylinder and pulley turn without friction about stationary horizontal axles that pass through their centers. A light rope is wrapped around the cylinder, passes over the pulley, and has a 3.00-kg box suspended from its free end. There

> In the system shown in Fig. 9.17, a 12.0-kg mass is released from rest and falls, causing the uniform 10.0-kg cylinder of diameter 30.0 cm to turn about a frictionless axle through its center. How far will the mass have to descend to give the cylinder 48

> Two metal disks, one with radius R1 = 2.50 cm and mass M1 = 0.80 kg and the other with radius R2 = 5.00 cm and mass M2 = 1.60 kg, are welded together and mounted on a frictionless axis through their common center (Fig. P9.77). (a) What is the total momen

> The pulley in Fig. P9.75 has radius R and a moment of inertia I. The rope does not slip over the pulley, and the pulley spins on a frictionless axle. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block A and the tabletop is

> Exactly one turn of a flexible rope with mass m is wrapped around a uniform cylinder with mass M and radius R. The cylinder rotates without friction about a horizontal axle along the cylinder axis. One end of the rope is attached to the cylinder. The cyl

> A slender rod is 80.0 cm long and has mass 0.120 kg. A small 0.0200-kg sphere is welded to one end of the rod, and a small 0.0500-kg sphere is welded to the other end. The rod, pivoting about a stationary, frictionless axis at its center, is held horizon

> A meter stick with a mass of 0.180 kg is pivoted about one end so it can rotate without friction about a horizontal axis. The meter stick is held in a horizontal position and released. As it swings through the vertical, calculate (a) the change in gravit

> A uniform, solid disk with mass m and radius R is pivoted about a horizontal axis through its center. A small object of the same mass m is glued to the rim of the disk. If the disk is released from rest with the small object at the end of a horizontal ra

> As an intern at an engineering firm, you are asked to measure the moment of inertia of a large wheel for rotation about an axis perpendicular to the wheel at its center. You measure the diameter of the wheel to be 0.640 m. Then you mount the wheel on fri

> A force parallel to the x-axis acts on a particle moving along the x-axis. This force produces potential energy U(x) given by U(x)= ax4, where a = 0.630 J/m4. What is the force (magnitude and direction) when the particle is at x = -0.800 m?

> A uniform disk has radius R0 and mass M0. Its moment of inertia for an axis perpendicular to the plane of the disk at the disk’s center is 1/2 M0 R 2 0 . You have been asked to halve the disk’s moment of inertia by cutting out a circular piece at the cen

> It has been argued that power plants should make use of off-peak hours (such as late at night) to generate mechanical energy and store it until it is needed during peak load times, such as the middle of the day. One suggestion has been to store the energ

> A computer disk drive is turned on starting from rest and has constant angular acceleration. If it took 0.0865 s for the drive to make its second complete revolution, (a) how long did it take to make the first complete revolution, and (b) what is its ang

> While riding a multispeed bicycle, the rider can select the radius of the rear sprocket that is fixed to the rear axle. The front sprocket of a bicycle has radius 12.0 cm. If the angular speed of the front sprocket is 0.600 rev/s, what is the radius of t

> The motor of a table saw is rotating at 3450 rev/min. A pulley attached to the motor shaft drives a second pulley of half the diameter by means of a V-belt. A circular saw blade of diameter 0.208 m is mounted on the same rotating shaft as the second pull

> A vacuum cleaner belt is looped over a shaft of radius 0.45 cm and a wheel of radius 1.80 cm. The arrangement of the belt, shaft, and wheel is similar to that of the chain and sprockets. The motor turns the shaft at 60.0 rev>s and the moving belt turns t

> Engineers are designing a system by which a falling mass m imparts kinetic energy to a rotating uniform drum to which it is attached by thin, very light wire wrapped around the rim of the drum (Fig. P9.62). There is no appreciable friction in the axle of

> You must design a device for shooting a small marble vertically upward. The marble is in a small cup that is attached to the rim of a wheel of radius 0.260 m; the cup is covered by a lid. The wheel starts from rest and rotates about a horizontal axis tha

> You are designing a rotating metal flywheel that will be used to store energy. The flywheel is to be a uniform disk with radius 25.0 cm. Starting from rest at t = 0, the flywheel rotates with constant angular acceleration 3.00 rad/s2 about an axis perpen

> A disk of radius 25.0 cm is free to turn about an axle perpendicular to it through its center. It has very thin but strong string wrapped around its rim, and the string is attached to a ball that is pulled tangentially away from the rim of the disk (Fig.

> While a roofer is working on a roof that slants at 36° above the horizontal, he accidentally nudges his 85.0-N toolbox, causing it to start sliding downward from rest. If it starts 4.25 m from the lower edge of the roof, how fast will the toolbox be movi

> A roller in a printing press turns through an angle u1t2 given by

> A circular saw blade with radius 0.120 m starts from rest and turns in a vertical plane with a constant angular acceleration of 2.00 rev>s2. After the blade has turned through 155 rev, a small piece of the blade breaks loose from the top of the blade. Af

> A uniform disk with radius R = 0.400 m and mass 30.0 kg rotates in a horizontal plane on a frictionless vertical axle that passes through the center of the disk. The angle through which the disk has turned varies with time according to

> A rifle bullet with mass 8.00 g strikes and embeds itself in a block with mass 0.992 kg that rests on a frictionless, horizontal surface and is attached to a coil spring (Fig. P8.79). The impact compresses the spring 15.0 cm. Calibration of the spring sh

> A 0.150-kg frame, when suspended from a coil spring, stretches the spring 0.0400 m. A 0.200-kg lump of putty is dropped from rest onto the frame from a height of 30.0 cm (Fig. P8.78). Find the maximum distance the frame moves downward from its initial eq

> A 1500-kg sedan goes through a wide intersection traveling from north to south when it is hit by a 2200-kg SUV traveling from east to west. The two cars become enmeshed due to the impact and slide as one thereafter. On-the scene measurements show that th

> You are called as an expert witness to analyze the following auto accident: Car B, of mass 1900 kg, was stopped at a red light when it was hit from behind by car A, of mass 1500 kg. The cars locked bumpers during the collision and slid to a stop with bra

> Two blocks have a spring compressed between them, as in Exercise 8.24. The spring has force constant 720 N/m and is initially compressed 0.225 m from its original length. For each block, what is (a) the acceleration just after the blocks are released; (b

> Block B (mass 4.00 kg) is at rest at the edge of a smooth platform, 2.60 m above the floor. Block A (mass 2.00 kg) is sliding with a speed of 8.00 m/s along the platform toward block B. A strikes B and rebounds with a speed of 2.00 m/s. The collision pro

> A 5.00-kg chunk of ice is sliding at 12.0 m/s on the floor of an ice-covered valley when it collides with and sticks to another 5.00-kg chunk of ice that is initially at rest (Fig. P8.73). Since the valley is icy, there is no friction. After the collisio

> A 62.0-kg skier is moving at 6.50 m/s on a frictionless, horizontal, snow-covered plateau when she encounters a rough patch 4.20 m long. The coefficient of kinetic friction between this patch and her skis is 0.300. After crossing the rough patch and retu

> A small wooden block with mass 0.800 kg is suspended from the lower end of a light cord that is 1.60 m long. The block is initially at rest. A bullet with mass 12.0 g is fired at the block with a horizontal velocity v0. The bullet strikes the block and b

> An 8.00-kg block of wood sits at the edge of a frictionless table, 2.20 m above the floor. A 0.500-kg blob of clay slides along the length of the table with a speed of 24.0 m/s, strikes the block of wood, and sticks to it. The combined object leaves the

> You and your friends are doing physics experiments on a frozen pond that serves as a frictionless, horizontal surface. Sam, with mass 80.0 kg, is given a push and slides eastward. Abigail, with mass 50.0 kg, is sent sliding northward. They collide, and a