In one day, a 75kg mountain climber ascends from the 1500m level on a vertical cliff to the top at 2400 m. The next day, she descends from the top to the base of the cliff, which is at an elevation of 1350 m. What is her change in gravitational potential energy (a) on the first day and (b) on the second day?
> Two ice skaters, Daniel (mass 65.0 kg) and Rebecca (mass 45.0 kg), are practicing. Daniel stops to tie his shoelace and, while at rest, is struck by Rebecca, who is moving at 13.0 m/s before she collides with him. After the collision, Rebecca has a veloc
> An atomic nucleus suddenly bursts apart (fissions) into two pieces. Piece A, of mass mA, travels off to the left with speed vA. Piece B, of mass mB, travels off to the right with speed vB. (a) Use conservation of momentum to solve for vB in terms of mA,
> A hunter on a frozen, essentially frictionless pond uses a rifle that shoots 4.20-g bullets at 965 m/s. The mass of the hunter (including his gun) is 72.5 kg, and the hunter holds tight to the gun after firing it. Find the recoil velocity of the hunter i
> Block A in Fig. E8.24 has mass 1.00 kg, and block B has mass 3.00 kg. The blocks are forced together, compressing a spring S between them; then the system is released from rest on a level, frictionless surface. The spring, which has negligible mass, is n
> Two identical 0.900-kg masses are pressed against opposite ends of a light spring of force constant 1.75 N/cm, compressing the spring by 20.0 cm from its normal length. Find the speed of each mass when it has moved free of the spring on a frictionless, h
> When cars are equipped with flexible bumpers, they will bounce off each other during low-speed collisions, thus causing less damage. In one such accident, a 1750-kg car traveling to the right at 1.50 m/s collides with a 1450-kg car going to the left at 1
> On a frictionless, horizontal air table, puck A (with mass 0.250 kg) is moving toward puck B (with mass 0.350 kg), which is initially at rest. After the collision, puck A has a velocity of 0.120 m/s to the left, and puck B has a velocity of 0.650 m/s to
> You are standing on a sheet of ice that covers the football stadium parking lot in Buffalo; there is negligible friction between your feet and the ice. A friend throws you a 0.600-kg ball that is traveling horizontally at 10.0 m/s. Your mass is 70.0 kg.
> In a certain track and field event, the shotput has a mass of 7.30 kg and is released with a speed of 15.0 m/s at 40.0° above the horizontal over a competitor’s straight left leg. What are the initial horizontal and vertical components of the momentum of
> Squids and octopuses propel themselves by expelling water. They do this by keeping water in a cavity and then suddenly contracting the cavity to force out the water through an opening. A 6.50-kg squid (including the water in the cavity) at rest suddenly
> A small rock with mass 0.20 kg is released from rest at point A, which is at the top edge of a large, hemispherical bowl with radius R = 0.50 m (Fig. E7.9). Assume that the size of the rock is small compared to R, so that the rock can be treated as a par
> Two figure skaters, one weighing 625 N and the other 725 N, push off against each other on frictionless ice. (a) If the heavier skater travels at 1.50 m/s, how fast will the lighter one travel? (b) How much kinetic energy is “created” during the skaters’
> The expanding gases that leave the muzzle of a rifle also contribute to the recoil. A .30-caliber bullet has mass 0.00720 kg and a speed of 601 m>s relative to the muzzle when fired from a rifle that has mass 2.80 kg. The loosely held rifle recoils at a
> A 68.5-kg astronaut is doing a repair in space on the orbiting space station. She throws a 2.25-kg tool away from her at 3.20 m/s relative to the space station. With what speed and in what direction will she begin to move?
> To warm up for a match, a tennis player hits the 57.0-g ball vertically with her racket. If the ball is stationary just before it is hit and goes 5.50 m high, what impulse did she impart to it?
> A 2.00-kg stone is sliding to the right on a frictionless, horizontal surface at 5.00 m/s when it is suddenly struck by an object that exerts a large horizontal force on it for a short period of time. The graph in Fig. E8.13 shows the magnitude of this f
> Experimental tests have shown that bone will rupture if it is subjected to a force density of 1.03 × 108 N/m2. Suppose a 70.0-kg person carelessly roller skates into an overhead metal beam that hits his forehead and completely stops his forward motion. I
> At time t = 0 a 2150-kg rocket in outer space fires an engine that exerts an increasing force on it in the +x-direction. This force obeys the equation Fx = At2, where t is time, and has a magnitude of 781.25 N when t = 1.25 s. (a) Find the SI value of th
> A bat strikes a 0.145-kg baseball. Just before impact, the ball is traveling horizontally to the right at 40.0 m/s; when it leaves the bat, the ball is traveling to the left at an angle of 30° above horizontal with a speed of 52.0 m/s. If the ball and ba
> (a) What is the magnitude of the momentum of a 10,000-kg truck whose speed is 12.0 m/s? (b) What speed would a 2000-kg SUV have to attain in order to have (i) the same momentum? (ii) the same kinetic energy?
> Obviously, we can make rockets to go very fast, but what is a reasonable top speed? Assume that a rocket is fired from rest at a space station in deep space, where gravity is negligible. (a) If the rocket ejects gas at a relative speed of 2000 m/s and yo
> The maximum energy that a bone can absorb without breaking depends on characteristics such as its cross-sectional area and elasticity. For healthy human leg bones of approximately 6.0 cm2 cross-sectional area, this energy has been experimentally measured
> A small rocket burns 0.0500 kg of fuel per second, ejecting it as a gas with a velocity relative to the rocket of magnitude 1600 m/s. (a) What is the thrust of the rocket? (b) Would the rocket operate in outer space where there is no atmosphere? If so, h
> A 70-kg astronaut floating in space in a 110-kg MMU (manned maneuvering unit) experiences an acceleration of 0.029 m/s2 when he fires one of the MMU’s thrusters. (a) If the speed of the escaping N2 gas relative to the astronaut is 490 m/s, how much gas i
> To keep the calculations fairly simple but still reasonable, we model a human leg that is 92.0 cm long (measured from the hip joint) by assuming that the upper leg and the lower leg (which includes the foot) have equal lengths and are uniform. For a 70.0
> A system consists of two particles. At t = 0 one particle is at the origin; the other, which has a mass of 0.50 kg, is on the y-axis at y = 6.0 m. At t = 0 the center of mass of the system is on the y-axis at y = 2.4 m. The velocity of the center of mass
> In Example 8.14 (Section 8.5), Ramon pulls on the rope to give himself a speed of 1.10 m/s. What is James’s speed?
> At one instant, the center of mass of a system of two particles is located on the x-axis at x = 2.0 m and has a velocity of (5.0 m/s)
> A machine part consists of a thin, uniform 4.00-kg bar that is 1.50 m long, hinged perpendicular to a similar vertical bar of mass 3.00 kg and length 1.80 m. The longer bar has a small but dense 2.00-kg ball at one end (Fig. E8.55). By what distance will
> A 1200-kg SUV is moving along a straight highway at 12.0 m>s. Another car, with mass 1800 kg and speed 20.0 m/s, has its center of mass 40.0 m ahead of the center of mass of the SUV (Fig. E8.54). Find (a) the position of the center of mass of the syst
> Pluto’s diameter is approximately 2370 km, and the diameter of its satellite Charon is 1250 km. Although the distance varies, they are often about 19,700 km apart, center to center. Assuming that both Pluto and Charon have the same composition and hence
> Find the position of the center of mass of the system of the sun and Jupiter. (Since Jupiter is more massive than the rest of the solar planets combined, this is essentially the position of the center of mass of the solar system.) Does the center of mass
> For its size, the common flea is one of the most accomplished jumpers in the animal world. A 2.0-mm-long, 0.50-mg flea can reach a height of 20 cm in a single leap. (a) Ignoring air drag, what is the takeoff speed of such a flea? (b) Calculate the kineti
> Three odd-shaped blocks of chocolate have the following masses and center-of-mass coordinates: (1) 0.300 kg, (0.200 m, 0.300 m); (2) 0.400 kg, (0.100 m, -0.400 m); (3) 0.200 kg, (-0.300 m, 0.600 m). Find the coordinates of the center of mass of the syst
> You are at the controls of a particle accelerator, sending a beam of 1.50 × 107 m/s protons (mass m) at a gas target of an unknown element. Your detector tells you that some protons bounce straight back after a collision with one of the nuclei of the un
> Canadian nuclear reactors use heavy water moderators in which elastic collisions occur between the neutrons and deuterons of mass 2.0 u (see Example 8.11 in Section 8.4). (a) What is the speed of a neutron, expressed as a fraction of its original speed,
> A 10.0-g marble slides to the left at a speed of 0.400 m>s on the frictionless, horizontal surface of an icy New York sidewalk and has a head-on, elastic collision with a larger 30.0-g marble sliding to the right at a speed of 0.200 m/s (Fig. E8.48).
> Blocks A (mass 2.00 kg) and B (mass 6.00 kg) move on a frictionless, horizontal surface. Initially, block B is at rest and block A is moving toward it at 2.00 m/s. The blocks are equipped with ideal spring bumpers, as in Example 8.10 (Section 8.4). The c
> A 0.150-kg glider is moving to the right with a speed of 0.80 m/s on a frictionless, horizontal air track. The glider has a head-on collision with a 0.300-kg glider that is moving to the left with a speed of 2.20 m/s. Find the final velocity (magnitude a
> A 0.800-kg ornament is hanging by a 1.50-m wire when the ornament is suddenly hit by a 0.200-kg missile traveling horizontally at 12.0 m/s. The missile embeds itself in the ornament during the collision. What is the tension in the wire immediately after
> A 15.0-kg block is attached to a very light horizontal spring of force constant 500.0 N/m and is resting on a frictionless horizontal table (Fig. E8.44). Suddenly it is struck by a 3.00-kg stone traveling horizontally at 8.00 m/s to the right, whereupon
> A 12.0-g rifle bullet is fired with a speed of 380 m/s into a ballistic pendulum with mass 6.00 kg, suspended from a cord 70.0 cm long (see Example 8.8 in Section 8.3). Compute (a) the vertical height through which the pendulum rises, (b) the initial kin
> A 5.00-g bullet is fired horizontally into a 1.20-kg wooden block resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of kinetic friction between block and surface is 0.20. The bullet remains embedded in the block, which is observed to slide 0.310 m along t
> A crate of mass M starts from rest at the top of a frictionless ramp inclined at an angle a above the horizontal. Find its speed at the bottom of the ramp, a distance d from where it started. Do this in two ways: Take the level at which the potential ene
> At the intersection of Texas Avenue and University Drive, a yellow subcompact car with mass 950 kg traveling east on University collides with a red pickup truck with mass 1900 kg that is traveling north on Texas and has run a red light (Fig. E8.41). The
> To protect their young in the nest, peregrine falcons will fly into birds of prey (such as ravens) at high speed. In one such episode, a 600-g falcon flying at 20.0 m/s hit a 1.50-kg raven flying at 9.0 m/s. The falcon hit the raven at right angles to it
> Jack (mass 55.0 kg) is sliding due east with speed 8.00 m>s on the surface of a frozen pond. He collides with Jill (mass 48.0 kg), who is initially at rest. After the collision, Jack is traveling at 5.00 m/s in a direction 34.0° north of east. What is J
> Two cars collide at an intersection. Car A, with a mass of 2000 kg, is going from west to east, while car B, of mass 1500 kg, is going from north to south at 15 m/s. As a result, the two cars become enmeshed and move as one. As an expert witness, you ins
> The maximum height a typical human can jump from a crouched start is about 60 cm. By how much does the gravitational potential energy increase for a 72kg person in such a jump? Where does this energy come from?
> What is the average force the fish exerts on the drop of water? (a) 0.00015 N; (b) 0.00075 N; (c) 0.075 N; (d) 0.15 N.
> What is the speed of the archerfish immediately after it expels the drop of water? (a) 0.0025 m/s; (b) 0.012 m/s; (c) 0.75 m/s; (d) 2.5 m/s.
> On a very muddy football field, a 110-kg linebacker tackles an 85-kg halfback. Immediately before the collision, the linebacker is slipping with a velocity of 8.8 m/s north and the halfback is sliding with a velocity of 7.2 m/s east. What is the velocity
> A field researcher uses the slow-motion feature on her phone’s camera to shoot a video of an eel spinning at its maximum rate. The camera records at 120 frames per second. Through what angle does the eel rotate from one frame to the next? (a) 1°; (b) 10°
> When calculating the moment of inertia of an object, can we treat all its mass as if it were concentrated at the center of mass of the object? Justify your answer.
> In part (d) of Table 9.2, the thickness of the plate must be much less than a for the expression given for I to apply. But in part (c), the expression given for I applies no matter how thick the plate is. Explain. Table 9.2: TABLE 9.2 Moments of In
> A hollow spherical shell of radius R that is rotating about an axis through its center has rotational kinetic energy K. If you want to modify this sphere so that it has three times as much kinetic energy at the same angular speed while keeping the same m
> The potential energy function for a force
> A cylindrical body has mass M and radius R. Can the mass be distributed within the body in such a way that its moment of inertia about its axis of symmetry is greater than MR2? Explain.
> In Example 8.4 (Section 8.2), consider the system consisting of the rifle plus the bullet. What is the speed of the system’s center of mass after the rifle is fired? Explain. Example 8.4: A marksman holds a rifle of mass mR = 3.00 kg loosely, so it can
> A woman stands in the middle of a perfectly smooth, frictionless, frozen lake. She can set herself in motion by throwing things, but suppose she has nothing to throw. Can she propel herself to shore without throwing anything?
> For a system of two particles we often let the potential energy for the force between the particles approach zero as the separation of the particles approaches infinity. If this choice is made, explain why the potential energy at non infinite separation
> Figure 7.22b shows the potential ­ energy function associated with the gravitational force between an object and the earth. Use this graph to explain why objects always fall toward the earth when they are released. Figure 7.22b: (b) Grav
> A marble moves along the x-axis. The potential-energy function is shown in Fig. E7.36. (a) At which of the labeled x-coordinates is the force on the marble zero? (b) Which of the labeled x-coordinates is a position of stable equilibrium? (c) Which of the
> A net force of 4 N acts on an object initially at rest for 0.25 s and gives it a final speed of 5 m/s. How could a net force of 2 N produce the same final speed?
> A net force with x-component Fx acts on an object from time t1 to time t2 . The x-component of the momentum of the object is the same at t1 as it is at t2, but Fx is not zero at all times between t1 and t2 . What can you say about the graph of Fx
> In physical terms, explain why friction is a non conservative force. Does it store energy for future use?
> A machine gun is fired at a steel plate. Is the average force on the plate from the bullet impact greater if the bullets bounce off or if they are squashed and stick to the plate? Explain.
> When people are cold, they often rub their hands together to warm up. How does doing this produce heat? Where does the heat come from?
> A glass dropped on the floor is more likely to break if the floor is concrete than if it is wood. Why?
> To maximize the moment of inertia of a flywheel while minimizing its weight, what shape and distribution of mass should it have? Explain.
> Since for a particle the kinetic energy is given by K = 1 2 mv2 and the momentum by
> In Fig. Q9.4, how are the radial accelerations of points at the teeth of the two sprockets related? Explain. Fig. Q9.4: Wpear rear front Rear sprocket Pfront Front sprocket
> People often call their electric bill a power bill, yet the quantity on which the bill is based is expressed in kilowatt-hours. What are people really being billed for?
> The potential energy of two atoms in a diatomic molecule is approximated by U(r)=(a/r12)-1b/r62, where r is the spacing between atoms and a and b are positive constants. (a) Find the force F® on one atom as a function of r. Draw two graphs: one of U(r) v
> A woman bounces on a trampoline, going a little higher with each bounce. Explain how she increases the total mechanical energy.
> In Fig. Q9.4, all points on the chain have the same linear speed. Is the magnitude of the linear acceleration also the same for all points on the chain? How are the angular accelerations of the two sprockets related? Explain. Fig. Q9.4: Wpear rear
> A truck is accelerating as it speeds down the highway. One inertial frame of reference is attached to the ground with its origin at a fence post. A second frame of reference is attached to a police car that is traveling down the highway at constant veloc
> A car has the same kinetic energy when it is traveling south at 30 m/s as when it is traveling northwest at 30 m/s. Is the momentum of the car the same in both cases? Explain.
> In splitting logs with a hammer and wedge, is a heavy hammer more effective than a lighter hammer? Why?
> A baseball is thrown straight up with initial speed v0. If air resistance cannot be ignored, when the ball returns to its initial height its speed is less than v0. Explain why, using energy concepts.
> These results are from a computer simulation for a batted baseball with mass 0.145 kg, including air resistance: How much work did the air do on the baseball (a) as the ball moved from its initial position to its maximum height, and (b) as the ball mov
> A system of two paint buckets connected by a lightweight rope is released from rest with the 12.0-kg bucket 2.00 m above the floor (Fig. P7.51). Use the principle of conservation of energy to find the speed with which this bucket strikes the floor. Ignor
> A 1500-kg rocket is to be launched with an initial upward speed of 50.0 m/s. In order to assist its engines, the engineers will start it from rest on a ramp that rises 53° above the horizontal (Fig. P7.50). At the bottom, the ramp turns upward
> The Great Sandini is a 60-kg circus performer who is shot from a cannon (actually a spring gun). You don’t find many men of his caliber, so you help him design a new gun. This new gun has a very large spring with a very small mass and a force constant of
> An object moving in the xy-plane is acted on by a conservative force described by the potential-energy function U(x, y)= a[(1/x2)+(1/y2)], where a is a positive constant. Derive an expression for the force expressed in terms of the unit vectors
> You are designing a delivery ramp for crates containing exercise equipment. The 1470-N crates will move at 1.8 m/s at the top of a ramp that slopes downward at 22.0°. The ramp exerts a 515-N kinetic friction force on each crate, and the maximum static fr
> A bungee cord is 30.0 m long and, when stretched a distance x, it exerts a restoring force of magnitude kx. Your father-in-law (mass 95.0 kg) stands on a platform 45.0 m above the ground, and one end of the cord is tied securely to his ankle and the othe
> A 2.8-kg block slides over the smooth, icy hill shown in Fig. P7.46. The top of the hill is horizontal and 70 m higher than its base. What minimum speed must the block have at the base of the 70-m hill to pass over the pit at the far (right hand) side of
> A 15.0-kg stone slides down a snow-covered hill (Fig. P7.45), leaving point A at a speed of 10.0 m/s. There is no friction on the hill between points A and B, but there is friction on the level ground at the bottom of the hill, between B and the wall. A
> A 28-kg rock approaches the foot of a hill with a speed of 15 m/s. This hill slopes upward at a constant angle of 40.0° above the horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the hill and the rock are 0.75 and 0.20, respectively. (
> A 2.0-kg piece of wood slides on a curved surface (Fig. P7.43). The sides of the surface are perfectly smooth, but the rough horizontal bottom is 30 m long and has a kinetic friction coefficient of 0.20 with the wood. The piece of wood starts from rest 4
> A car in an amusement park ride rolls without friction around a track (Fig. P7.42). The car starts from rest at point A at a height h above the bottom of the loop. Treat the car as a particle. (a) What is the minimum value of h (in terms of R) such that
> A 350-kg roller coaster car starts from rest at point A and slides down a frictionless loop-the-loop (Fig. P7.41). (a) How fast is this roller coaster car moving at point B? (b) How hard does it press against the track at point B? Fig. P7.41: Figur
> A 2.00-kg block is pushed against a spring with negligible mass and force constant k = 400 N/m, compressing it 0.220 m. When the block is released, it moves along a frictionless, horizontal surface and then up a frictionless incline with slope 37.0Â
> A block with mass 0.50 kg is forced against a horizontal spring of negligible mass, compressing the spring a distance of 0.20 m (Fig. P7.39). When released, the block moves on a horizontal tabletop for 1.00 m before coming to rest. The force constant k i
> A small block with mass 0.0400 kg is moving in the xy-plane. The net force on the block is described by the potential- energy function U(x, y)=(5.80 J/m2)x2 –(3.60 J/m3)y3. What are the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of the block when it is
> Two blocks with different masses are attached to either end of a light rope that passes over a light, frictionless pulley suspended from the ceiling. The masses are released from rest, and the more massive one starts to descend. After this block has desc
> At a construction site, a 65.0-kg bucket of concrete hangs from a light (but strong) cable that passes over a light, friction-free pulley and is connected to an 80.0-kg box on a horizontal roof (Fig. P7.37). The cable pulls horizontally on the box, and a
> You are rebuilding a 1965 Chevrolet. To decide whether to replace the flywheel with a newer, lighter-weight one, you want to determine the moment of inertia of the original, 35.6-cm-diameter flywheel. It is not a uniform disk, so you canâ€
> You are analyzing the motion of a large flywheel that has radius 0.800 m. In one test run, the wheel starts from rest and turns with constant angular acceleration. An accelerometer on the rim of the flywheel measures the magnitude of the resultant accele
