Question: Briefly explain how behavioral finance can affect

> What are the advantages and disadvantages of mutual fund ownership?

> Discuss the types of risk that mutual fund shareholders face. What is the major risk exposure of mutual funds? Are all funds subject to equal risk? Explain.

> Identify three potential sources of return to mutual fund investors, and briefly discuss how each could affect total return to shareholders. Explain how the discount or premium of a closed-end fund can also be treated as a return to investors.

> Kate Berry will not invest unless she can earn at least an 8% return. She is evaluating an investment opportunity that requires an initial outlay of $2,500 and promises to return $5,000 in eight years. a. Use present value techniques to estimate the IRR

> What is the dominant type of closed-end fund? How do CEFs differ from open-end funds?

> How important is the behavior of the market in affecting the price performance of mutual funds? Explain. Does the future behavior of the market matter in the selection process? Explain.

> Briefly describe some of the investor services provided by mutual funds. What are automatic reinvestment plans, and how do they differ from automatic investment plans?

> What are fund families? What advantages do fund families offer investors? Are there any disadvantages?

> What is a mutual fund? Discuss the mutual fund concept, including the importance of diversification and professional management.

> Briefly describe the term bond equivalent yield. Is there any difference between promised yield and bond equivalent yield? Explain.

> What’s the difference between current yield and yield to maturity? Between promised yield and realized yield? How does YTC differ from YTM?

> Why are bonds generally priced using semiannual compounding? Does it make much difference if you use annual compounding?

> Explain how market yield affects the price of a bond. Could you price a bond without knowing its market yield? Explain.

> How might you, as a bond investor, use information about the term structure of interest rates and yield curves when making investment decisions?

> You are evaluating five different investments, all of which involve an upfront outlay of cash. Each investment will provide a single cash payment back to you in the future. Details of each investment appear below. Calculate the IRR of each investment. St

> What is the term structure of interest rates and how is it related to the yield curve? What information is required to plot a yield curve? Describe an upward-sloping yield curve and explain what it has to say about the behavior of interest rates. Do the

> Explain why interest rates are important to bond investors. What causes interest rates to move, and how can you monitor such movements?

> Why is interest sensitivity important to bond speculators? Does the need for interest sensitivity explain why active bond traders tend to use high-grade issues? Explain.

> What strategy would you expect an aggressive bond investor (someone who’s looking for capital gains) to employ?

> Briefly describe a bond ladder, and note how and why an investor would use this investment strategy. What is a tax swap, and why would it be used?

> Describe the process of bond portfolio immunization, and explain why an investor would want to immunize a portfolio. Would you consider portfolio immunization a passive investment strategy comparable to, say, a buy-and-hold approach? Explain.

> What does the term duration mean to bond investors, and how does the duration of a bond differ from its maturity? What is modified duration, and how is it used? What is effective duration, and how does it differ from modified duration?

> What is the difference between a premium bond and a discount bond? What three attributes are most important in determining an issue’s price volatility?

> Is there a single market rate of interest applicable to all segments of the bond market, or is there a series of market yields? Explain and note the investment implications of such a market environment.

> From the perspective of an individual investor, what good are bond ratings? Do bond ratings indicate the amount of market risk embedded in a bond? Explain.

> What are bond ratings, and how can they affect investor returns? What are split ratings?

> A local entrepreneur asks you to invest $10,000 in a business venture. Based on your estimates, you would receive nothing for three years, at the end of year four you would receive $4,900, and at the end of year five you would receive $14,500. If your es

> An investor recently sold some stock in a European company that was worth 20,000 euros. The US$/€ exchange rate is currently 1.200, meaning that 1 euro buys 1.2 dollars. How many U.S. dollars will the investor receive?

> Bonds are said to be quoted “as a percent of par.” What does that mean? What is one point worth in the bond market?

> What is the difference between a call feature and a sinking-fund provision? Describe the three types of call features. Can a bond be freely callable but nonrefundable?

> Can issue characteristics (such as coupon and call features) affect the yield and price behavior of bonds? Explain.

> Identify and briefly describe the five types of risk to which bonds are exposed. What is the most important source of risk for bonds in general? Explain.

> How would you describe the behavior of market interest rates and bond returns over the past 50 years? Do swings in market interest rates have any bearing on bond returns? Explain.

> What is the difference between conversion parity and conversion value? How would you describe the payback period on a convertible? What is the investment value of a convertible, and what does it reveal?

> Explain why it is necessary to examine both the bond and stock properties of a convertible debenture when determining its investment appeal.

> Identify the equity kicker of a convertible security, and explain how it affects the value and price behavior of convertibles.

> What is a convertible debenture? How does a convertible bond differ from a convertible preferred?

> You invest $5,115 in stock and receive dividends of $50, $55, $60, and $65 over the following four years. At the end of the four years, you sell the stock for $5,300. What was the IRR on this investment?

> What’s the difference between dollar-denominated and non-dollar-denominated (foreign-pay) bonds? Briefly describe the two major types of U.S.-pay bonds. Can currency exchange rates affect the total return of U.S.-pay bonds? Of foreign-pay bonds? Explain.

> Describe an asset-backed security (ABS), and identify some forms of collateral used with these issues. Briefly note how an ABS differs from an MBS. What is the central idea behind securitization?

> What are the special tax features of (a) Treasury securities, (b) agency issues, and (c) municipal bonds?

> Briefly define each of the following and note how they might be used by fixed-income investors: (a) zero-coupon bonds, (b) CMOs, (c) junk bonds, and (d) Yankee bonds.

> Briefly describe each of the following types of bonds: (a) Treasury bonds, (b) agency issues, (c) municipal securities, and (d) corporate bonds. Note some of the major advantages and disadvantages of each.

> What appeal do bonds hold for investors? Give several reasons why bonds make attractive investment outlets.

> Briefly describe each of the following, and explain how it is used in technical analysis: a. Breadth of the market b. Short interest c. Odd-lot trading

> Describe the confidence index, and note the feature that makes it unique.

> Can the broad market have an effect on the price of individual stocks? Explain.

> What is the purpose of technical analysis? Explain how and why it is used by technicians; note how it can be helpful in timing investment decisions.

> Assume you invest $$3,500 today in an investment that promises to return $7,700 in exactly 10 years. a. Use the present value technique to estimate the IRR on this investment. b. If a minimum annual return of 9% is required, would you recommend this inve

> How can behavioral finance have any bearing on investor returns? Do supporters of behavioral finance believe in efficient markets? Explain.

> What are market anomalies, and how do they come about? Do they support or refute the EMH? Briefly describe each of the following: a. The January effect b. The size effect c. The value effect

> Explain why it is difficult, if not impossible, to consistently outperform an efficient market. a. Does this mean that high rates of return are not available in the stock market? b. How can an investor earn a high rate of return in an efficient market?

> What is a stock chart? What kind of information can be put on charts, and what is the purpose of charting?

> Describe each of the following, and note how it is computed and used by technicians: a. Advance-decline lines b. Arms index c. On-balance volume d. Relative strength index e. Moving averages

> What is the random walk hypothesis, and how does it apply to stocks? What is an efficient market? How can a market be efficient if its prices behave in a random fashion?

> Briefly describe the P/E approach to stock valuation, and note how this approach differs from the variable-growth DVM. Describe the P/CF approach and note how it is used in the stock valuation process. Compare the P/CF approach to the P/E approach, notin

> How would you go about finding the expected return on a stock? Note how such information would be used in the stock selection process.

> What is the difference between the variable-growth dividend valuation model and the free cash flow to equity approach to stock valuation? Which procedure would work better if you were trying to value a growth stock that pays little or no dividends? Expla

> You are considering purchasing a bond that pays annual interest of $50 per $1,000 of par value. The bond matures in one year, and at that time you will collect the par value and the interest payment. If you can purchase this bond for $1,010, what is the

> Briefly describe the dividend valuation model and the three versions of this model. Explain how CAPM fits into the DVM.

> How can valuation help you tell whether a security is a worthwhile investment? What role does the required return play in this process? Would you invest in a stock if it offered a rate of return that just equaled your required return?

> What is the market multiple and how can it help in evaluating a stock’s P/E ratio? Is a stock’s relative P/E the same thing as the market multiple? Explain.

> How can a company’s growth prospects affect its P/E multiple? How about the amount of debt a firm uses? Are there other factors that affect a firm’s P/E ratio?

> Are the firm’s expected future earnings important in determining a stock’s investment merits? Discuss how stock valuation relies on these and other future estimates.

> Briefly describe the price-to-sales ratio, and explain how it is used to value stocks. Why not just use the P/E multiple? How does the P/S ratio differ from the P/BV measure?

> What is the purpose of stock valuation? What role does intrinsic value play in the stock valuation process?

> What is industry analysis, and why is it important?

> What effect, if any, does inflation have on common stocks?

> Briefly describe each of the following: a. Gross domestic product b. Leading indicators c. Money supply d. Producer prices

> You are considering two investment alternatives. The first is a stock that pays quarterly dividends of $0.25 per share and is trading at $20 per share; you expect to sell the stock in six months for $24. The second is a stock that pays quarterly dividend

> Why is the business cycle so important to economic analysis? Does the business cycle have any bearing on the stock market?

> Describe the general concept of economic analysis. Is this type of analysis necessary, and can it really help the individual investor make a decision about a stock? Explain.

> Would there be any need for security analysis if we operated in an efficient market environment? Explain.

> How would you describe a satisfactory investment? How does security analysis help in identifying investment candidates?

> What is intrinsic value? How does it fit into the security analysis process?

> Contrast historical standards of performance with industry standards. Briefly note the role of each in analyzing the financial condition and operating results of a company.

> What is ratio analysis? Describe the contribution of ratio analysis to the study of a company’s financial condition and operating results.

> Why do investors bother to look at the historical performance of a company when future behavior is what really counts? Explain.

> What is fundamental analysis? Does the performance of a company have any bearing on the value of its stock? Explain.

> What are the four stages of an industry’s growth cycle? Which of these stages offers the biggest payoff to investors? Which stage is most influenced by forces in the economy?

> Calculate a one-year holding period return for the following two investment alternatives. Which investment would you prefer, assuming they are of equal risk? Explain.

> Briefly discuss several aspects of an industry that are important to its behavior and operating characteristics. Note how economic issues fit into industry analysis.

> Identify the three major parts of security analysis, and explain why security analysis is important to the stock selection process.

> What is an odd-lot differential? How can you avoid odd-lot differentials? Which of the following transactions would involve an odd-lot differential? a. Buy 90 shares of stock b. Sell 200 shares of stock c. Sell 125 shares of stock

> Define and differentiate between the following pairs of terms. a. Treasury stock versus classified stock b. Round lot versus odd lot c. Par value versus market value d. Book value versus investment value

> What is a stock spin-off? In very general terms, explain how a stock spin-off works.

> What is a stock split? How does a stock split affect the market value of a share of stock? Do you think it would make any difference (in price behavior) if the company also changed the dividend rate on the stock? Explain.

> What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of owning common stock? What are the major risks to which stockholders are exposed?

> Describe the role that dividends and capital gains play in delivering returns to common stock investors.

> How would you characterize the historical performance of stocks?

> What are two or three of the major investment attributes of common stocks?

> An investor purchased a stock one year ago for $42. It paid an annual cash dividend of $2.50, and now it is worth $51.75. What total return did the investor earn? Would the investor have experienced a capital gain? Explain.

> Which investment approach (or approaches) do you feel would be most appropriate for a quality-conscious investor? What kind of investment approach do you think you’d be most comfortable with? Explain.

> With all the securities available in the United States, why would a U.S. investor want to buy foreign stocks? Describe the two ways in which a U.S. investor can buy stocks in a foreign company. As a U.S. investor, which approach would you prefer? Explain

> What is the difference between a cash dividend and a stock dividend? Which would be more valuable to you? How does a stock dividend compare with a stock split? Is a 200% stock dividend the same as a two-for-one stock split? Explain.

> Why do most income stocks offer only limited capital gains potential? Does this mean the outlook for continued profitability is also limited? Explain.

> Define and briefly discuss the investment merits of each of the following. a. Blue chips b. Income stocks c. Mid-cap stocks d. American depositary receipts e. IPOs f. Tech stocks

> What are dividend reinvestment plans, and what benefits do they offer to investors? Are there any disadvantages?

> Why is the ex-dividend date important to stockholders? If a stock is sold on the ex–dividend date, who receives the dividend—the buyer or the seller? Explain.

> Briefly explain how the dividend decision is made. What factors are important in deciding whether, and in what amount, to pay dividends?