Question: Briefly explain why a high level of

> You can also create a butterfly spread using puts by buying a put at K1, buying a put at K3, and selling two puts at K2. All of the puts are on the same stock and have the same expiration date, and the assumption that K2 = ½(K1 + K3) still holds. Puts on

> In Problem 16, what is the single monthly mortality for seasoned 50 PSA, 200 PSA, and 400 PSA mortgages? How do you interpret these numbers? Data from Problem 16: What are the conditional prepayment rates for seasoned 50 PSA, 200 PSA, and 400 PSA mortg

> What does an option’s delta tell us? Suppose a call option with a delta of 0.60 sells for $5.00. If the stock price rises by $1, what will happen to the call’s value?

> What are the conditional prepayment rates for seasoned 50 PSA, 200 PSA, and 400 PSA mortgages if the 100 PSA benchmark is 3 percent per year? How do you interpret these numbers?

> Suppose you write 15 put option contracts with a $45 strike. The premium is $2.40. Evaluate your potential gains and losses at option expiration for stock prices of $35, $45, and $55.

> Immediately after establishing your put options hedge, volatility for LLL stock suddenly jumps to 45 percent. This changes the number of put options required to hedge your employee stock options. How many put option contracts are now required?

> Suppose you hold LLL employee stock options representing options to buy 10,000 shares of LLL stock. You wish to hedge your position by buying put options with three-month expirations and a $22.50 strike price. How many put option contracts are required?

> In Problem 13, what would the total return be if the ending exchange rate were 88.65 ¥ / $? What does your answer tell you about the importance of currency fluctuations? Data from Problem 13: Suppose you are a U.S. investor who is planning to invest $1

> Based on Problems 14 and 15, what is the projected stock price assuming a 10 percent increase in sales? Kiwi Fruit Company Balance Sheet Cash and equivalents ……………………………………$  570 Operating assets ………………………………………………..650 Property, plant, and equipment. …

> Following the examples in the chapter, prepare a pro forma income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement for Kiwi Fruit assuming a 10 percent increase in sales. Kiwi Fruit Company Balance Sheet Cash and equivalents ……………………………………$  570 Operat

> Calculate the price-book, price-earnings, and price-cash flow ratios for Kiwi Fruit. Kiwi Fruit Company Balance Sheet Cash and equivalents ……………………………………$  570 Operating assets ………………………………………………..650 Property, plant, and equipment. …………………….2,700  Othe

> One year has passed and Sands’s common equity price has increased to $58 per share. Name the two components of the convertible bond’s value. Indicate whether the value of each component should increase, stay the same, or decrease in response to the incre

> Determine whether the value of a callable convertible bond will increase, decrease, or remain unchanged if there is an increase in stock price volatility. What if there is an increase in interest rate volatility? Justify each of your responses.

> What is the time value of a call option? Of a put option? What happens to the time value of a call option as the maturity increases? What about a put option?

> In Problem 19, suppose the firm was operating at only 90 percent capacity in 2017. What is EFN now? Data from Problem 19: The most recent financial statements for Moose Tours, Inc., follow. Sales for 2017 are projected to grow by 15 percent. Interest e

> The most recent financial statements for Moose Tours, Inc., follow. Sales for 2017 are projected to grow by 15 percent. Interest expense will remain constant; the tax rate and the dividend payout rate will also remain constant. Costs, other expenses, cur

> For the company in Problem 17, suppose fixed assets are $420,000 and sales are projected to grow to $695,000. How much in new fixed assets is required to support this growth in sales? Data from Problem 17: Thorpe Mfg., Inc., is currently operating at o

> A stock with a current price of $78 has a call option available with a strike price of $80. The stock will move up by a factor of 0.95 or down by a factor of 0.80 each period for the next two periods and the risk-free rate is 3.5 percent. What is the pri

> A stock is currently priced at $35 and will move up by a factor of 1.18 or down by a factor of 0.85 each period over each of the next two periods. The risk-free rate of interest is 3 percent. What is the value of a put option with a strike price of $40?

> A stock is currently selling for $60. Over the next two periods, the stock will move up by a factor of 1.15 or down by a factor of 0.87 each period. A call option with a strike price of $60 is available. If the risk-free rate of interest is 3.2 percent p

> Suppose you write 30 of the July 100 put contracts. What is your net gain or loss if Hendreeks is selling for $90 at expiration? For $110? What is the break-even price, that is, the terminal stock price that results in a zero profit? Calls Puts Stri

> The most recent financial statements for Bradley, Inc., are shown here (assuming no income taxes): Assets and costs are proportional to sales. Debt and equity are not. No dividends are paid. Next year’s sales are projected to be $6,24

> Stock in Cheezy-Poofs Manufacturing is currently priced at $50 per share. A call option with a $50 strike and 90 days to maturity is quoted at $1.95. Compare the percentage gains and losses from a $97,500 investment in the stock versus the option in 90 d

> Given the following information for Smashville, Inc., construct an income statement for the year: Cost of goods sold: ………………………………….$164,000 Investment income: ……………………………………$1,200 Net sales: ………………………………………………..$318,000 Operating expense: …………………………………

> How do interest rates affect option prices? Explain.

> A 30-year, $250,000 mortgage has a rate of 5.4 percent. What are the interest and principal portions in the first payment? In the second?

> A stock with a current price of $58 has a put option available with a strike price of $55. The stock will move up by a factor of 1.13 or down by a factor of 0.88 over the next period and the risk-free rate is 3 percent. What is the price of the put optio

> The Federal Reserve announces an offering of Treasury bills with a face value of $60 billion. Noncompetitive bids are made for $8 billion, along with the following competitive bids: In a single-price auction, which bids are accepted and what prices are

> The most recent financial statements for Martin, Inc., are shown here: Assets and costs are proportional to sales. Debt and equity are not. A dividend of $850 was paid, and Martin wishes to maintain a constant payout ratio. Next year’

> Suppose you have a stock market portfolio with a beta of 1.15 that is currently worth $300 million. You wish to hedge against a decline using index options. Describe how you might do so with puts and calls. Suppose you decide to use SPX calls. Calculate

> A convertible bond has a 5 percent coupon, paid semiannually, and will mature in 10 years. If the bond were not convertible, it would be priced to yield 4 percent. The conversion ratio on the bond is 25 and the stock is currently selling for $49 per shar

> A call option is currently selling for $3. It has a strike price of $65 and six months to maturity. What is the price of a put option with a $65 strike price and six months to maturity? The current stock price is $66 and the risk-free interest rate is 5

> Mr. Johnson asks Mr. Wall to compute the value of the call option. Using the given information, what is the value of the embedded call option? a. $0.00 b. $1.21 c. $2.04

> Mr. Blanda instructs Mr. Houston to calculate the weighted average coupon rate (WAC) for the mortgage pools. Which of the following is closest to the WAC? a. 7.28 percent b. 7.78 percent c. 8.01 percent

> Mr. Wall believes he understands the relationship between interest rates and straight bonds but is unclear how callable bonds change as interest rates increase. How do prices of callable bonds react to an increase in interest rates? The price: a. Increas

> What happens to the stock price when the stock pays a dividend? What impact does a dividend have on the prices of call and put options?

> If VirtualCon had decided to slow its payment of accounts payable by 90 days instead of entering into a financing arrangement with the bank, what would be the impact on its operating cash flow (CFO) and financing cash flow (CFF) during the 90 days relati

> Mr. Wall is a little confused over the relationship between the embedded option and the callable bond. How does the value of the embedded call option change when interest rate volatility increases? a. It increases. b. It may increase or decrease. c. It d

> Mortgage pools also suffer from defaults. Explain how defaults are handled in a fully modified mortgage pool. In the case of a fully modified mortgage pool, explain why defaults appear as prepayments to the mortgage pool investor.

> Evaluate the following argument: “Prepayment is not a risk to mortgage investors because prepayment actually means that the investor is paid both in full and ahead of schedule.” Is the statement always true or false?

> What are some of the reasons that mortgages are paid off early? Under what circumstances are mortgage prepayments likely to rise sharply? Explain.

> Why is Macaulay duration an inadequate measure of interest rate risk for an MBS? Why is effective duration a better measure of interest rate risk for an MBS?

> Explain in general terms how a protected amortization class (or PAC) CMO works.

> Consider a single whole bond sequential CMO. It has two tranches, an A-tranche and a Z-tranche. Explain how the payments are allocated to the two tranches. Which tranche is riskier?

> Which has greater interest rate risk, an IO or a PO strip?

> What is a collateralized mortgage obligation? Why do they exist? What are three popular types?

> In general, if you buy a call option, what stock price is needed for you to break even on the transaction ignoring taxes and commissions? If you buy a put option?

> What is a collateralized mortgage obligation? Why do they exist? What are three popular types?

> If you believed inflation was going to increase over the coming years, would you rather invest in short-term or long-term debt?

> Two callable bonds are essentially identical, except that one has a refunding provision while the other has no refunding provision. Which bond is more likely to be called by the issuer? Why?

> All else the same, callable bonds have less interest rate sensitivity than non callable bonds. Why? Is this a good thing?

> Explain the difference between an original-issue junk bond and a fallen angel bond.

> What are some examples of embedded options in bonds? How do they affect the price of a bond?

> From the bondholder’s perspective, what are the potential advantages and disadvantages of floating coupons?

> For a callable Treasury bond selling above par, is it necessarily true that the yield to call will be less than the yield to maturity? Why or why not?

> Treasury and municipal yields are often compared to calculate critical tax rates. What concerns might you have about such a comparison? What do you think is true about the calculated tax rate?

> Complete the following sentence for each of these investors: a. A buyer of call options. b. A buyer of put options. c. A seller (writer) of call options. d. A seller (writer) of put options. The (buyer/seller) of a (put/call) option (pays/receives) money

> From an investor’s standpoint, what are the main differences between Treasury and municipal issues?

> From an investor’s standpoint, what are the key differences between Treasury and agency issues?

> What is a bond refunding? Is it the same thing as a call?

> What is the difference between gross margin and operating margin? What do they tell us? Generally speaking, are larger or smaller values better?

> Both ROA and ROE measure profitability. Which one is more useful for comparing two companies? Why?

> Why do you think most long-term financial planning begins with sales forecasts? Put differently, why are future sales the key input?

> A put and a call option have the same maturity and strike price. If both are at the money, which is worth more? Prove your answer and then provide an intuitive explanation.

> Recall the option strategies of a protective put and covered call discussed in the text. Suppose you have sold short some shares of stock. Discuss analogous option strategies and how you would implement them. (Hint: They’re called protective calls and co

> A put and a call option have the same maturity and strike price. If they also have the same price, which one is in the money?

> Are the put options in the money? What is the intrinsic value of a Milson Corp. put option? Calls Puts Option & Strike N.Y. Close Price Expiration Vol. Last Vol. Last Milson 59 55 Mar 98 3.50 66 1.06 59 55 Apr 54 6.25 40 1.94 59 55 Jul 25 8.63 17 3.

> Are the call options in the money? What is the intrinsic value of a Milson Corp. call option? Calls Puts Option & Strike N.Y. Close Price Expiration Vol. Last Vol. Last Milson 59 55 Mar 98 3.50 66 1.06 59 55 Apr 54 6.25 40 1.94 59 55 Jul 25 8.63 17

> How many option contracts on Milson stock were traded with an expiration date of July? How many underlying shares of stock do these option contracts represent? Calls Puts Option & Strike N.Y. Close Price Expiration Vol. Last Vol. Last Milson 59 55 M

> Regarding Ms. Smith’s and Mr. Van Eaton’s statements made about the competitive strategy of the South Winery: a. Both are incorrect. b. Both are correct. c. Only one is correct.

> Two of the options are clearly mispriced. Which ones? At a minimum, what should the mispriced options sell for? Explain how you could profit from the mispricing in each case. Calls Puts Option & Strike N.Y. Close Price Expiration Vol. Last Vol. Last

> Mr. Van Eaton tells Ms. Smith that he likes the fact that the conclusions in her report are backed up with facts, but he tells her that he is concerned about the section concerning the bargaining power of buyers. He says that while all of the points she

> Ms. Smith would likely categorize the French wine industry into which of the following life cycle phases? a. Decline phase b. Pioneer phase c. Mature phase

> If the French home currency were to greatly appreciate in value compared to the English currency, what is the likely impact on the East Winery? a. Make the firm less competitive in the English market. b. No impact since the major market for East Winery i

> Explain why the right to prepay a mortgage is similar to the call feature contained in most corporate bonds.

> What does it mean for a mortgage pool to be fully modified?

> From an investor’s point of view, what is the difference between mortgage pools backed by GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC?

> All else the same, will the payments be higher on a 15-year mortgage or a 30-year mortgage? Why?

> How does mortgage securitization benefit mortgage originators?

> How does mortgage securitization benefit borrowers?

> Why is inflation associated with lower values of real GDP and wages?

> What is the impact of lengthening the time to expiration on an option’s value? Explain.

> What is a call option? A put option? Under what circumstances might you want to buy each? Which one has greater potential profit? Why?

> Zenith Co.’s bonds mature in 12 years and pay 7 percent interest annually. If you purchase the bonds for $1,150, what is your expected rate of return?

> Citigroup issued bonds that pay a 5.5 percent coupon interest rate. The bonds mature in 5 years. They are selling for $1,076. What would be your expected rate of return (yield to maturity) if you bought the bonds? What would the current yield be?

> Time Warner has bonds that are selling for $1,371. The coupon interest rate on the bonds is 9.15 percent, and they mature in 21 years. What is the yield to maturity on the bonds? What is the current yield?

> You own a bond that has a par value of $1,000 and matures in 5 years. It pays a 5 percent annual coupon rate. The bond currently sells for $1,100. What is the bond’s expected rate of return?

> The market price is $900 for a 10-year bond ($1,000 par value) that pays 6 percent interest (6 percent semiannually). What is the bond’s expected rate of return?

> The Latham Corporation is planning on issuing bonds that pay no interest but can be converted into $1,000 at maturity, 7 years from their purchase. To price these bonds competitively with other bonds of equal risk, it is determined that they should yield

> ExxonMobil 20-year bonds pay 6 percent interest annually on a $1,000 par value. If the bonds sell at $945, what is the bonds’ expected rate of return?

> At the beginning of the year, you bought a $1,000 par value corporate bond with a 6 percent annual coupon rate and a 10-year maturity date. When you bought the bond, it had an expected yield to maturity of 8 percent. Today the bond sells for $1,060. a. W

> You purchased a bond for $1,100. The bond has a coupon rate of 8 percent, which is paid semiannually. It matures in 7 years and has a par value of $1,000. What is your expected rate of return?

> You own a 10-year bond that pays 6 percent interest annually. The par value of the bond is $1,000, and the market price of the bond is $900. What is the yield to maturity of the bond?

> Assume you own a bond with a market value of $820 that matures in 7 years. The par value of the bond is $1,000. Interest payments of $30 are paid semiannually. What is your expected rate of return on the bond?

> An 8-year bond for Rusk Corporation has a market price of $700 and a par value of $1,000. If the bond has an annual interest rate of 6 percent, but pays interest semiannually, what is the bond’s yield to maturity?

> Assume the market price of a 5-year bond for Margaret, Inc. is $900, and it has a par value of $1,000. The bond has an annual interest rate of 6 percent that is paid semiannually. What is the yield to maturity of the bond?

> Calculate the value of a bond that will mature in 14 years and has a $1,000 face value. The annual coupon interest rate is 5 percent, and the investor’s required rate of return is 7 percent.

> What are the markets and mechanics involved in generating simple arbitrage profits?

> What is meant by arbitrage profits?

> What different types of businesses operate in the international environment? Why are the techniques and strategies available to these firms different?