Question: Compare the boiling points of esters to

> Draw the condensed formula for each of the following compounds. a. Diethyl methylamine b. 4-Methylpentylamine c. N-Methylaniline d. Triisopropylamine e. Methyl-t-butylamine f. Ethyl hexylamine

> Draw the condensed formula and line formula of each of the following amides: a. Acetamide b. 4-Methylpentanamide c. N, N-Dimethylpropanamide d. Formamide e. N-Ethylpropionamide

> Draw the condensed formula for each of the following amides: a. N-Propylbutanamide b. N-Butyl octanamide c. N-Methyl propanamide d. N-Isopropyl hexanamide

> Use the IUPAC Nomenclature System to name each of the following amides: CH,CH,CHCH,CNH, CH,CHČNH, 'H? CH, с. Br b. -ČNH, Br

> Why is acetaminophen often recommended in place of aspirin?

> How are the common names of amides derived?

> Will the rate of the reaction in Question 7.61 increase, decrease, or remain the same if the concentration of methane increases? Question 7.61: CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)−−→2H2O(l) + CO2 (g)

> How do the names of the first three enzymes of the glycolytic pathway relate to the reactions they catalyze?

> Describe the water solubility of amides in relation to their carbon chain length.

> Distinguish between the term’s analgesic and anesthetic.

> What is an alkaloid?

> How would you quickly convert an alkylammonium salt into a water-insoluble amine? Explain the rationale for your answer.

> Why does aspirin upset the stomach, whereas acetaminophen (Tylenol) does not?

> Name each of the following amines using the systematic and common nomenclature systems. CH3 NH2 NH а. CH-CHCHCH3 c. CH3CHCH,CH3 NH2 CH3 N-CH,CH3 d. CH;CHCH3 b. CH-C-CH3 ČH3

> Complete each of the following equations by supplying the missing reactant or product indicated by a question mark: a. b. c. d. CH,CH,NH2 + H;O ? + OH- CH,CH,CH, ? + HCI CH;CH;CH,N+HC- CH, CH,CHNH + HạO - ? + ? NH3 + HBr ?

> Name each of the following carboxylic acids, using both the common and IUPAC Nomenclature Systems: Br a. CH,CH,CHCHCH,C-OH CH, с. С-ОН -OH CH,CH, O b. CH,CH,CHCH,CH,C-OH CH2

> Classify each of the following amines as primary, secondary, or tertiary: a. Benzenamine b. N-Ethyl-2-pentanamine c. Ethyl methylamine d. Tripropylamine e. m-Chloroaniline

> Draw all of the isomeric amines of molecular formula C3H9N. Name each of the isomers using the systematic names, and determine whether each isomer is a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine.

> What is the H3O+ concentration of a solution with a pH of: a. 6.80 b. 4.60 c. 2.70

> Draw the condensed formula for each of the following compounds: a. 2,3-Dibromoaniline b. 2-Octanamine c. 2-Chloro-2-pentanamine d. N, N-Diethyl pentanamine e. Diisopropylamine

> Draw the condensed formula and line formula of each of the following compounds: a. N, N-Dipropylaniline b. Cyclohexanamine c. 2-Bromocyclopentanamine d. Tetraethylammonium iodide e. 3-Bromobenzenamine

> Use systematic and common nomenclature to name each of the following amines: a. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 b. c. d. -NH2 CH,CHCH,CH, NH2 CH, CH,NCH,CH,

> Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer to Question 15.19. Question 15.19: Explain why a tertiary amine such as triethylamine has a significantly lower boiling point than its primary amine isomer, 1-hexanamine.

> Which member in each of the following pairs is more soluble in water? a. d. Decanoic acid or ethanoic acid CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,C-OH or CH;CH,CH;CH,CH,C-O-Na+ b. CH;CH,–O–CH,CH, CH,CH,Č-OCH, or CH,CH,-O-CH,CH, or CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,

> Define the terms analgesic and anesthetic, and list some amines that have these activities.

> How are the common names of amines derived?

> Describe the water solubility of amines in relation to their carbon chain length.

> What are the structures of the acid chlorides and the amines that will react to give each of the following products? a. N-Ethyl hexanamide b. N-Propyl butanamide

> What is meant by a phosphoanhydride bond?

> Provide the atomic number, atomic mass, and name of the element represented by each of the following symbols: a. Ca b. Cu c. Co d. Si

> Write an equation for the reaction of each of the following acid anhydrides with propanol. Name each of the products using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. a. Butanoic anhydride b. Pentanoic anhydride c. Methanoic anhydride

> Write an equation representing the synthesis of octanoic anhydride.

> Write a condensed formula and a line formula for each of the following compounds: a. Decanoyl chloride b. Heptanoyl chloride c. Ethanoyl chloride

> Write the condensed formula for each of the following compounds: a. Valeric anhydride b. Benzoyl chloride

> Write a general equation for the formation of acid anhydrides.

> Describe the chemical properties of acid chlorides.

> Write an equation for the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of each of the following esters: a. Pentyl methanoate b. Hexyl propanoate c. Butyl hexanoate d. Methyl benzoate

> When salicylic acid reacts with acetic anhydride, one of the products is an ester, acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid is the active ingredient in aspirin. Complete the following equation by drawing the structure of acetylsalicylic acid. (Hint: Ac

> Use the IUPAC Nomenclature System to name each of the products in Question 14.7. Question 14.7: Complete each of the following reactions by drawing the structure of the missing product(s). a. CH;Č-OCH,CH,CH, + H,0 H*, heat b. CH;CH,CH,CH,CH,C-OCH,

> When the methyl ester of hexanoic acid is hydrolyzed in aqueous sodium hydroxide in the presence of heat, a homogeneous solution result. When the solution is acidified with dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid, a new product form. What is the new product? Dr

> Explain the role of allosteric enzymes in control of the citric acid cycle.

> An alcohol can be oxidized to produce an aldehyde or a ketone. What aldehyde or ketone is produced by the oxidation of each of the following alcohols? a. 3-Pentanol b. 2-Methyl-2-butanol

> Complete each of the following reactions by supplying the missing portion indicated with a question mark: a. b. c. d. CH, CH, ? + CH;C-OH CH,CH,C-O-C-CH; ČH, H*, heat CH,CH,CH,CH,COOH+CH,CH,CH,CH,OH CH, O CH,CCH,C-OCH,CH,CCH, + H,O CH, H*, heat ?

> Why is the salt of a carboxylic acid produced in a base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester?

> Write a general reaction showing the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of an ester.

> Why is preparation of an ester referred to as a condensation reaction?

> Use the IUPAC Nomenclature System to name each of the following: a. b. c. OCH,CH,CH, C-OCH, ÇHCHCH;CH,C-OCH,CH; Br Br

> Draw condensed formulas for each of the following compounds: a. Ethyl m-nitrobenzoate b. Isopropyl acetate c. Methyl butyrate

> An unknown has been determined to be one of the following three compounds: The unknown is fairly soluble in water and produces a silver mirror when treated with the silver ammonia complex. A red precipitate appears when it is treated with the Benedict&

> Write the structure for each of the following carboxylic acids. a. 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid b. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid

> Name and describe four colligative solution properties.

> Oxalic acid is found in the leaves of rhubarb, primarily in the form of the calcium salt. Since high levels of oxalic acid are toxic, only rhubarb stalks are used to make strawberry rhubarb pie. What is the IUPAC name of oxalic acid? Write the structure

> Write an equation representing the neutralization of each of the following carboxylic acids with KOH: a. 3-Chlorohexanoic acid b. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid c. 3,4-Dimethylpentanoic acid

> Write a general equation representing the reduction of an aldehyde. What is the product of this reaction?

> Complete each of the following reactions by supplying the missing part(s) indicated by the question mark(s): a. b. CH3COOH + NaOH →? c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH + NaOH →? d. ?(1). CH,CH,CH,OH NaOH CH,CH,C-OH ?(4) ?(3)

> Write an equation representing the oxidation of each of the following compounds: a. 3-Hexanol b. 2-Methylpentanal c. 3-Pentanone

> List several aldehydes and ketones used as food or fragrance chemicals.

> Write a general equation showing the reaction of a strong base with a carboxylic acid.

> Carboxylic acids are described as weak acids. To what extent do carboxylic acids generally dissociate?

> Write a general equation showing the preparation of a carboxylic acid from an alcohol.

> Provide the IUPAC name for each of the following aromatic carboxylic acids. a. b. c. CH,CH,CH,COOH CH;CHCH ,COOH CH,CHCOOH

> The primary structure of a protein known as histone H4, which tightly binds DNA, is identical in all mammals and differs by only one amino acid between the calf and pea seedlings. What does this extraordinary conservation of primary structure imply about

> Which member in each of the following pairs would have a higher boiling point? || a. CH;CH2OH or CH;CH || b. CH3(CH2),CH3 CH3(CH,),CH or

> Use IUPAC nomenclature to write the names for each of the following carboxylic acids: a. b. c. ċ-OH NO, -C-OH 0= C-OH ČH-CH,

> Write the general structure of an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and an ester. What similarities exist among these structures?

> Write the condensed formula and the line formula for each of the following carboxylic acids: a. 2,3-Dibromocycloheptanecarboxylic acid b. 2-Butenoic acid c. 2,4,5-Trimethyloctanoic acid

> Propionic acid is a liquid fatty acid found in sweat and milk products. It is a bacterial fermentation product that gives the tangy flavor to Swiss cheese. What is the IUPAC name of propionic acid? CH3CH2COOH

> Arrange the three alcohols in each of the following sets in order of increasing solubility in water: a. b. Pentyl alcohol 1-Hexanol Ethylene glycol CH;CH;CH,CH,CH,OH CH;CHCH,CHCH,CH3 1. OH OH CH,CHCH,CHCH,CH,OH OH OH ÓH

> What is the role of octanoic acid in the control of appetite?

> Why do hydrocarbons have lower boiling points than aldehydes or ketones of comparable molar mass?

> What are some of the biological functions of the long chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids?

> Sketch a potential energy diagram for a reaction that shows the effect of a catalyst on an endothermic reaction.

> Assuming that each of the following pairs of molecules has the same carbon chain length, which member of each of the following pairs has the lower boiling point? a. an ether or an aldehyde b. an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid c. an ether or an alcohol

> Draw the condensed formula for each of the line formulas in Question 14.15 and provide the IUPAC name for each. Question 14.15: Arrange the following from highest to lowest melting points: OH O.

> Which member of the following pairs has the higher boiling point? a. Ethyl propyl ether or pentanal b. 3-Pentanone or pentanoic acid c. Methanol or methanoic acid

> Explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids.

> Write an equation for each of the following reactions: a. Ribose + phosphoric acid b. Methanol + phosphoric acid c. Adenosine diphosphate + phosphoric acid

> Write an equation showing the synthesis of each of the following acid anhydrides. Provide the common names of the acid chloride and carboxylate anion reactants and the acid anhydride products. a. CH;CHCH,ċ–O–CH,CHCH, b. CH;C-O-CCHCH,CH3 ČH,CH3 ČHĄCH

> Give an example of a substitution reaction and of an addition reaction.

> Describe the current model for the structure of benzene.

> Draw each of the following compounds, using condensed formulas: a. p-Xylene b. Isopropyl benzene c. m-Nitro anisole d. p-Methyl benzaldehyde

> Give the IUPAC name for each of the following thiols. a. b. c. d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SH CH,CHCH, SH SH -SH CH;CHCH,CH,CH, SH

> Why are ADP and ATP efficient effector molecules for allosteric enzymes that regulate a biochemical pathway such as the citric acid cycle?

> Draw a pair of structures to represent the benzene resonance hybrid.

> Describe the IUPAC rules for naming thiols.

> Write the IUPAC and common name for each of the following ethers: a. CH3CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3—O—CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 c. CH3CH2CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

> Which alcohol would you oxidize to produce each of the following compounds? a. b. c. d. e. f. CH, O , CH3CHCH,CCH НССH HÖCH,CH,CH -CH,CH HČCH, CCH, ÇH3 CH,CCH,CH,CH ĆH

> Identify each of the following compounds as a hemiacetal or acetal: a. b. c. d. e. f. OCH, CH OH OCH,CH 3 PH CH.CCH, OF ÓCH;CH3 OH CH3 OCH, CHCCH , OCH,CH, OCH CH,CH=CHCCH,

> Draw the keto and enol forms of butanone.

> Write the condensed formula for each of the following compounds. a. Methyl isopropyl ketone (What is the IUPAC name for this compound?) b. 4-Heptanone c. 2-Fluorocyclohexanone d. Hexachloroacetone (What is the IUPAC name of this compound?)

> Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. a. Ketones, but not aldehydes, react in the Tollens’ silver mirror test. b. Addition of one alcohol molecule to an aldehyde results in formation of a hemiacetal. c. The cyclic forms of m

> An aldehyde can be oxidized to produce a carboxylic acid. Draw the carboxylic acid that would be produced by the oxidation of each of the following aldehydes: a. 3-Methylpentanal b. 2,3-Dichlorobutanal c. 2,4-Diethylhexanal d. 2-Methylpropanal

> Write an equation for the addition of two methanol molecules to each of the following ketones: a. CH,CCH, b. CH,CCH,CH,CH,

> If we double the pressure and temperature of the balloon in Question 5.59, what will its new volume be? Question 5.59: A 5.00-L balloon exerts a pressure of 2.00 atm at 30.00C. What is the pressure that the sealed balloon exerts if the volume has incre

> Write an equation for the addition of one ethanol molecule to each of the following ketones: CH;CH3 b. CH,CCH,CH;CH,

> Write an equation representing the reaction of glucose with the Benedict’s reagent. How was this test used in medicine?

> Write a balanced equation for the hydrogenation of each of the following aldehydes: a. 3-Methylbutanal b. 4-Bromopentanal c. Propanal

> Write a balanced equation for the hydrogenation of each of the following ketones: a. 2-Methyl-3-pentanone b. 3-Hexanone c. 5-Nonanone d. 7-Tetradecanone

> Draw the generalized equation for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol.

> Draw the structure of each of the following alcohols. Then draw and name the product you would expect to produce by the oxidation of each. a. 1-Nonanol b. 4-Methyl-1-heptanol c. 4,6-Diethyl-3-methyl-3-octanol d. 5-Bromo-4-octanol