Question: Write an equation representing the reaction of

> Draw condensed formulas for each of the following compounds: a. Ethyl m-nitrobenzoate b. Isopropyl acetate c. Methyl butyrate

> An unknown has been determined to be one of the following three compounds: The unknown is fairly soluble in water and produces a silver mirror when treated with the silver ammonia complex. A red precipitate appears when it is treated with the Benedict&

> Compare the boiling points of esters to those of aldehydes or ketones of similar molar mass.

> Write the structure for each of the following carboxylic acids. a. 1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid b. 4-Hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid

> Name and describe four colligative solution properties.

> Oxalic acid is found in the leaves of rhubarb, primarily in the form of the calcium salt. Since high levels of oxalic acid are toxic, only rhubarb stalks are used to make strawberry rhubarb pie. What is the IUPAC name of oxalic acid? Write the structure

> Write an equation representing the neutralization of each of the following carboxylic acids with KOH: a. 3-Chlorohexanoic acid b. Cyclohexane carboxylic acid c. 3,4-Dimethylpentanoic acid

> Write a general equation representing the reduction of an aldehyde. What is the product of this reaction?

> Complete each of the following reactions by supplying the missing part(s) indicated by the question mark(s): a. b. CH3COOH + NaOH →? c. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH + NaOH →? d. ?(1). CH,CH,CH,OH NaOH CH,CH,C-OH ?(4) ?(3)

> Write an equation representing the oxidation of each of the following compounds: a. 3-Hexanol b. 2-Methylpentanal c. 3-Pentanone

> List several aldehydes and ketones used as food or fragrance chemicals.

> Write a general equation showing the reaction of a strong base with a carboxylic acid.

> Carboxylic acids are described as weak acids. To what extent do carboxylic acids generally dissociate?

> Write a general equation showing the preparation of a carboxylic acid from an alcohol.

> Provide the IUPAC name for each of the following aromatic carboxylic acids. a. b. c. CH,CH,CH,COOH CH;CHCH ,COOH CH,CHCOOH

> The primary structure of a protein known as histone H4, which tightly binds DNA, is identical in all mammals and differs by only one amino acid between the calf and pea seedlings. What does this extraordinary conservation of primary structure imply about

> Which member in each of the following pairs would have a higher boiling point? || a. CH;CH2OH or CH;CH || b. CH3(CH2),CH3 CH3(CH,),CH or

> Use IUPAC nomenclature to write the names for each of the following carboxylic acids: a. b. c. ċ-OH NO, -C-OH 0= C-OH ČH-CH,

> Write the general structure of an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic acid, and an ester. What similarities exist among these structures?

> Write the condensed formula and the line formula for each of the following carboxylic acids: a. 2,3-Dibromocycloheptanecarboxylic acid b. 2-Butenoic acid c. 2,4,5-Trimethyloctanoic acid

> Propionic acid is a liquid fatty acid found in sweat and milk products. It is a bacterial fermentation product that gives the tangy flavor to Swiss cheese. What is the IUPAC name of propionic acid? CH3CH2COOH

> Arrange the three alcohols in each of the following sets in order of increasing solubility in water: a. b. Pentyl alcohol 1-Hexanol Ethylene glycol CH;CH;CH,CH,CH,OH CH;CHCH,CHCH,CH3 1. OH OH CH,CHCH,CHCH,CH,OH OH OH ÓH

> What is the role of octanoic acid in the control of appetite?

> Why do hydrocarbons have lower boiling points than aldehydes or ketones of comparable molar mass?

> What are some of the biological functions of the long chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids?

> Sketch a potential energy diagram for a reaction that shows the effect of a catalyst on an endothermic reaction.

> Assuming that each of the following pairs of molecules has the same carbon chain length, which member of each of the following pairs has the lower boiling point? a. an ether or an aldehyde b. an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid c. an ether or an alcohol

> Draw the condensed formula for each of the line formulas in Question 14.15 and provide the IUPAC name for each. Question 14.15: Arrange the following from highest to lowest melting points: OH O.

> Which member of the following pairs has the higher boiling point? a. Ethyl propyl ether or pentanal b. 3-Pentanone or pentanoic acid c. Methanol or methanoic acid

> Explain why carboxylic acids are weak acids.

> Write an equation for each of the following reactions: a. Ribose + phosphoric acid b. Methanol + phosphoric acid c. Adenosine diphosphate + phosphoric acid

> Write an equation showing the synthesis of each of the following acid anhydrides. Provide the common names of the acid chloride and carboxylate anion reactants and the acid anhydride products. a. CH;CHCH,ċ–O–CH,CHCH, b. CH;C-O-CCHCH,CH3 ČH,CH3 ČHĄCH

> Give an example of a substitution reaction and of an addition reaction.

> Describe the current model for the structure of benzene.

> Draw each of the following compounds, using condensed formulas: a. p-Xylene b. Isopropyl benzene c. m-Nitro anisole d. p-Methyl benzaldehyde

> Give the IUPAC name for each of the following thiols. a. b. c. d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SH CH,CHCH, SH SH -SH CH;CHCH,CH,CH, SH

> Why are ADP and ATP efficient effector molecules for allosteric enzymes that regulate a biochemical pathway such as the citric acid cycle?

> Draw a pair of structures to represent the benzene resonance hybrid.

> Describe the IUPAC rules for naming thiols.

> Write the IUPAC and common name for each of the following ethers: a. CH3CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3—O—CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 c. CH3CH2CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

> Which alcohol would you oxidize to produce each of the following compounds? a. b. c. d. e. f. CH, O , CH3CHCH,CCH НССH HÖCH,CH,CH -CH,CH HČCH, CCH, ÇH3 CH,CCH,CH,CH ĆH

> Identify each of the following compounds as a hemiacetal or acetal: a. b. c. d. e. f. OCH, CH OH OCH,CH 3 PH CH.CCH, OF ÓCH;CH3 OH CH3 OCH, CHCCH , OCH,CH, OCH CH,CH=CHCCH,

> Draw the keto and enol forms of butanone.

> Write the condensed formula for each of the following compounds. a. Methyl isopropyl ketone (What is the IUPAC name for this compound?) b. 4-Heptanone c. 2-Fluorocyclohexanone d. Hexachloroacetone (What is the IUPAC name of this compound?)

> Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. a. Ketones, but not aldehydes, react in the Tollens’ silver mirror test. b. Addition of one alcohol molecule to an aldehyde results in formation of a hemiacetal. c. The cyclic forms of m

> An aldehyde can be oxidized to produce a carboxylic acid. Draw the carboxylic acid that would be produced by the oxidation of each of the following aldehydes: a. 3-Methylpentanal b. 2,3-Dichlorobutanal c. 2,4-Diethylhexanal d. 2-Methylpropanal

> Write an equation for the addition of two methanol molecules to each of the following ketones: a. CH,CCH, b. CH,CCH,CH,CH,

> If we double the pressure and temperature of the balloon in Question 5.59, what will its new volume be? Question 5.59: A 5.00-L balloon exerts a pressure of 2.00 atm at 30.00C. What is the pressure that the sealed balloon exerts if the volume has incre

> Write an equation for the addition of one ethanol molecule to each of the following ketones: CH;CH3 b. CH,CCH,CH;CH,

> Write a balanced equation for the hydrogenation of each of the following aldehydes: a. 3-Methylbutanal b. 4-Bromopentanal c. Propanal

> Write a balanced equation for the hydrogenation of each of the following ketones: a. 2-Methyl-3-pentanone b. 3-Hexanone c. 5-Nonanone d. 7-Tetradecanone

> Draw the generalized equation for the oxidation of a secondary alcohol.

> Draw the structure of each of the following alcohols. Then draw and name the product you would expect to produce by the oxidation of each. a. 1-Nonanol b. 4-Methyl-1-heptanol c. 4,6-Diethyl-3-methyl-3-octanol d. 5-Bromo-4-octanol

> Write a general equation representing the addition of two alcohol molecules to an aldehyde or a ketone.

> Provide an example of an addition reaction involving an aldehyde or ketone.

> Explain what is meant by reduction in organic reactions and provide an example of a reduction reaction involving an aldehyde or ketone.

> How are the common names of esters derived?

> List several uses for formaldehyde.

> Draw the structure of each of the following compounds: a. Propanone b. 2-Pentanone c. 3-Heptanone d. 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone

> Give the common name for each of the following compounds: CH;CH,CCH,CH; b. CH,CH,CH,CHCH ČH, CH,CH,CH,CH3 с.

> Give the IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: CH3 a. CH,CH,CHCH,CH b. CI CI

> Give the IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: ÇH-CH3 a. CH,ČCH,CCH,CH, ČH-CH, b. CH;CCH,CHCH,CH3 ČI

> Name each of the following using the IUPAC Nomenclature System: CH,CH,CH,CH c. CH;CHCH,CH Br CH, O || Br b. CH;CCH,CH;CH d. CH;CCH,CCH,CH;CH; Cl CH3

> Name each of the following using the IUPAC Nomenclature System: CI O b. a. Cl--C-CH, CI

> Draw each of the following using condensed formulas and line formulas: a. 2-Nonanone b. 4-Methyl-2-heptanone c. 4,6-Diethyl-3-octanone d. 5-Bromo-4-octanone

> Briefly describe how to determine the common name of a ketone.

> Classify the matter represented in the following diagram by state and by composition. DO000000000 DO0000000000 = atom

> Distinguish between simple and complex carbohydrates. What are some sources of complex carbohydrates?

> Rank the following from highest to lowest water solubility: a. b. ОН он он H H H H

> Draw the polar interactions that occur between acetone molecules.

> Which member in each of the following pairs will be more water-soluble? CH3 H-C=0 а. or 00 b. НОСН,CH,Oн HÖCH or

> Explain briefly why simple (containing fewer than five carbon atoms) aldehydes and ketones exhibit appreciable solubility in water.

> Explain the dipole-dipole interactions that occur between molecules containing carbonyl groups.

> Identify each of the following structures as a hemiacetal or acetal. a. b. c. d. CH,CH3 H-C-OH ÓCH, ОСН CH3 CH;CH,-C-OH ÓCH; CH3 H-C-OCH,CH3- Н ОСН CH3 H;C–Ċ-OCH, ÓCH,CH3 ОСН

> Write an equation for each of the reactions in Question 13.11. Question 13.11: Label each of the following as an oxidation or a reduction reaction. a. Ethanal to ethanol b. Benzoic acid to benzaldehyde c. Cyclohexanone to cyclohexanol d. 2-Propanol to

> What biological molecules contain purine rings?

> Draw all of the products that could be formed in a reaction of benzene with each of the following: a. 2Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 b. 2SO3 in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid c. 2HNO3 in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid

> Draw the structure of a ketone that is an important, versatile solvent for organic compounds.

> Why is myoglobinuria associated with genetic disorders of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle?

> Provide the common names for each of the following ethers: a. CH3CH2—O—CH2CH2CH3 b. CH3—O—CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 c. CH3CH2CH2CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH3 d. CH3CH2—O—CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

> Write an equation showing the condensation reaction that would produce each of the following ethers: a. Diethyl ether b. Ethyl propyl ether c. Dibutyl ether d. Heptyl hexyl ether

> Name each of the isomers drawn for Question 12.79. Question 12.79: Draw all of the alcohols and ethers of molecular formula C4H10O.

> Explain why a tertiary alcohol cannot undergo oxidation. When ethanol is metabolized in the liver, it is oxidized to ethanal (acetaldehyde). If too much ethanol is present in the body, an overabundance of ethanal is formed, which causes many of the adver

> Compare the water solubility of ethers and alcohols.

> Why must a dilute solution of phenol be used for disinfecting environmental surfaces?

> Name the following aromatic compounds using the IUPAC system: a. b. c. d. OH NO CH CH; ÇH OH HO Br ČI OH Br CH

> Describe the water solubility of phenols.

> What is the role of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in enzyme-catalyzed oxidation reduction reactions?

> How do we recognize oxidation and reduction in organic compounds?

> Describe how an increase in the temperature of reactants increases the rate of a reaction.

> Write a balanced equation for the hydrogenation of each of the following: a. Propanal (a three-carbon aldehyde) b. Propanone (a three-carbon ketone) c. 2,3-Dimethylheptanal (an aldehyde with a seven-carbon parent chain) d. 3-Methyl-4-heptanone (a ketone

> Give the oxidation product for cholesterol. CH CH CH, CH, CH Но Cholesterol

> Write a general equation for the preparation of an alcohol from an aldehyde or ketone. What type of reaction is involved?

> Write the reaction, occurring in the liver, that causes the oxidation of methanol. What is the product of this reaction, and what is the possible result of the accumulation of the product in the body?

> Name each of the reactant alcohols and product aldehydes in Practice Problem 12.7, at the end of Example 12.7, using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. Hint: Refer to Example 12.7, as well as to Section 13.2, to name the aldehyde products. Practice Problem

> Write an equation demonstrating each of the following chemical transformations: a. Oxidation of an alcohol to an aldehyde b. Oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone c. Dehydration of a cyclic alcohol to a cycloalkene d. Hydrogenation of an alkene to an alkan

> We have seen that ethanol is metabolized to ethanal (acetaldehyde) in the liver. What would be the product formed, under the same conditions, from each of the following alcohols? a. CH3OH b. CH3CH2CH2OH c. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

> Write an equation showing the dehydration of each of the following alcohols. Name each of the reactants and products using the IUPAC Nomenclature System. a. b. CH;CHCH,CH, ÓH OH CH

> Draw the alkene products of the dehydration of the following alcohols: a. 2-Butanol b. 1-Butanol c. 2-Propanol d. 4-Bromo-2-hexanol

> Write a general equation representing the oxidation of a 38 alcohol.