Question: Draw the propagation steps that achieve the

> Draw a mechanism and predict the major product for each reaction: H. 1) LIAIH, 2) H,0 1) LIAIH, 2) HO (a) (b) ? 1) xs LIAIH, 2) Н,О NABH, Меон (c) (d)

> Compound 1 was converted into compound 2 and both compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity (ability to kill cells). It was observed that compound 2 was four to ten times less cytotoxic than compound 1. Determine whether the ring has been oxidized,

> In each of the following transformations, identify whether the starting material has been oxidized, reduced, or neither. Try to determine the answer without calculating oxidation states and then use the calculations to see if your intuition was correct.

> How many signals would you expect in the 1H NMR spectrum of each of the following compounds: Br (a) Br CI (d) Br (e) (f)

> Identify reagents that can be used to achieve each of the following transformations: a. To convert 1-hexene into a primary alcohol b. To convert 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexene into a secondary alcohol c. To convert 2-methyl-1-hexene into a tertiary alcohol

> Identify the reagents that you would use to accomplish each of the following transformations: .d- Br OH он Br он (b) OH - Lo он (e) (f) но

> Flavonoids are a class of naturally occurring compounds with promising medicinal uses due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-HIV properties. Much of this biological activity is due to the radical scavenging ability of flavonoids, which can

> For each of the following pairs of alcohols, identify the one that is more acidic and explain your choice: он OH он OH (а) (Ь) OH OH (с) OH он (d)

> Draw the alkoxide ion that is formed in each of the following cases: он OH OH ? Na он NaH NaH. (a) (b) (c) (d)

> Mandelate esters exhibit spasmolytic activity (they act as muscle relaxants). The nature of the alkyl group (R) greatly affects potency. Research indicates that the optimal potency is achieved when R is a nine-carbon chain (a nonyl group). Explain why no

> Safer alternatives to existing insecticides and mosquito repellants might be found in the essential oils of plants. Phytol is one such isolated compound that has promising pest-fighting potential. Provide the IUPAC name for phytol, which is both an alcoh

> Provide an IUPAC name for each of the following alcohols: OH OH OH (а) Вr Br (Ь) (с) (d)

> Upon treatment with aqueous acid, compound 1 is converted into compound 2. a. In the first step of the accepted mechanism, one of the triple bonds is protonated to give a vinyl carbocation. Generally, vinyl carbocations are too unstable to form, but thi

> The following compounds exhibit tautomerism, with a particularly high enol concentration. Compound 1 exhibits an enol concentration of 9.1%, as compared with the enol concentration of 0.014% for (CH3)2CHCHO. Compound 2 exhibits an enol concentration of 9

> 35. What are the best reagents to accomplish this transformation? a. t-BuOK b. NaC≡CH, followed by H2 and Pt c. NaC≡CH, followed by H2 and Lindlar’s catalyst d. NaOH, followed by t-BuOK 36. Whi

> A small class of natural products, called α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids (Chapter 25), have been the targets of several synthetic techniques, because these compounds are structurally complex (representing a chal

> Propose a plausible mechanism for the following transformation:

> Propose a plausible mechanism for the following transformation: Br2 R- Br R

> Using acetylene and methyl bromide as your only sources of carbon atoms, propose a synthesis for each of the following compounds: + En En (a) Et Me (b) Et Me

> Propose a plausible mechanism for the following tautomerization process: H. CH, CH, N H,0

> Propose a plausible mechanism for the following transformation: OH OH H,0* O:

> The Kharasch reaction is a radical process in which carbon tetrachloride is added across an alkene: a. Draw a mechanism showing initiation and propagation steps for this reaction and explain the observed regiochemical outcome. b. A variation of the Khar

> As seen in this chapter, hydrocarbons typically do not undergo radical iodination in the presence of 2 (compound 2a). Furthermore, radical halogenation (even chlorination) of strained hydrocarbons, like cubane (1), is problematic if the reaction produces

> Compounds with the structure ArN=NCON=NAr (where Ar represents an aromatic group) are used in liquid crystal formulations for LCDs (liquid crystal displays) as well as for optical switches and image storage because of their high resolution and sensitivit

> One strategy for the synthesis of complicated polycyclic ring systems involves radical-mediated cyclization processes. For example, when the following radical is generated, it undergoes a spontaneous cyclization to produce two new radicals. Propose a pla

> A compound with the molecular formula C17H36 exhibits a 1H NMR spectrum with only one signal. How many signals would you expect in the 13C NMR spectrum of this compound?

> Identify the reagents necessary to achieve each transformation below. In each case, you will need to use at least one reaction from this chapter and at least one reaction from the previous chapter. The essence of each problem is to choose reagents that w

> Preparation of 2,2-dimethyl-3-octyne cannot be achieved via alkylation of acetylene. Explain.

> Draw and name four terminal alkynes with the molecular formula C6H10.

> Compound 2 was used as a key intermediate in a synthesis of oseltamivir, an anti-influenza agent. Propose a plausible mechanism for the conversion of 1 to 2, as shown, and explain the stereochemical outcome: 1) t-BUOK 2) NBS, hv Br 1 2

> In Chapter 2, we saw several patterns for drawing resonance structures of ions or uncharged compounds. There are also several patterns for drawing resonance structures of radicals, although we have only encountered one such pattern (allylic or benzylic r

> Resveratrol is a naturally occurring antioxidant found in a broad range of plants including grapes, mulberries, and peanuts. It demonstrates useful activity against heart disease and cancer. In the presence of an alkoxy radical (RO•), a

> The alkyl halide 1-bromopropane is one of a number of compounds being considered as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons as an industrial cleaning solvent. In a computational study of its atmospheric oxidation products, bromoacetone (structure below) wa

> Consider the following radical process, called a thiol-ene coupling reaction, in which an alkene is treated with a thiol (RSH) in the presence of a radical initiator: a. Draw a plausible mechanism for this process, showing the initiation and propagation

> When an acyl peroxide undergoes homolytic bond cleavage, the radicals produced can liberate carbon dioxide to form alkyl radicals: Using this information, provide a mechanism of formation for each of the following products: R + CO2 or hv

> When butane reacts with Br2 in the presence of Cl2, both brominated and chlorinated products are obtained. Under such conditions, the usual selectivity of bromination is not observed. In other words, the ratio of 2-bromobutane to 1-bromobutane is very si

> A compound with the molecular formula C12H24 exhibits a 1H NMR spectrum with only one signal and a 13C NMR spectrum with two signals. Deduce the structure of this compound.

> Compound A has the molecular formula C5H11Br. When compound A is treated with bromine in the presence of UV light, the major product is 2,2-dibromopentane. Treatment of compound A with NaSH (a strong nucleophile) produces a compound with one chiral cente

> The initiation step for radical addition of HBr is highly endothermic: a. Explain how this step can be thermodynamically favorable at high temperature even though it is endothermic. b. Explain why this step is not thermodynamically favorable at low tem

> Consider the following two compounds. Monochlorination of one of these compounds produces twice as many stereoisomeric products as the other. Draw the products in each case and identify which compound yields more products upon chlorination.

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations. You might find it useful to review Section 10.13 before attempting to solve these problems. (a) (b) Br En (c) (d) Br (e)

> The following sequence of reactions was employed during a synthesis of the sex pheromone of the dermestid beetle. The conversion of compound 5 to compound 6 involves the removal of the THP group (ROTHP → ROH), which is accomplished in a

> Methyl 4-methylpentanoate is one of 120 volatile compounds identified in a study of metabolites from Streptomyces bacteria. Propose a synthesis of this ester starting from 2-methylbutane. Methyl 4-methylpentanoate

> When a consumer purchases a tomato, smell is one of the factors affecting selection. Researchers in Japan have thus analyzed the volatile components of tomatoes using a novel method. Among the complex mixture of 367 compounds detected were 3-methylbutana

> The compound (Z)-hexenyl acetate is one of several volatile organic signaling compounds released from Arabidopsis leaves when they are damaged. Propose a synthesis of this compound using ethylene (H2C=CH2) and acetic acid (CH3CO2H) as your only sources o

> In a study measuring the volatile components of 150 pounds of fried chicken, a total of 130 distinct compounds were identified, including the linear alkane tetradecane. Propose a synthesis of this compound using acetylene as your only source of carbon at

> The aroma, taste, and general quality of wine are tied closely to the stage of development of the grapes from which it is made. In order to develop a molecular-level understanding of this phenomenon, the volatile components of cabernet sauvignon grapes w

> A compound with the molecular formula shown below exhibits a 1H NMR spectrum with only one signal. Deduce the structure in each case. a. C5H10 b. C5H8Cl4 c. C12H18

> Compound A has the molecular formula C5H12, and monobromination of compound A produces only compound B. When compound B is treated with a strong base, a mixture is obtained containing compound C and compound D. Using this information, answer the followin

> Identify all products expected for each of the following reactions. Take stereochemistry into account and draw expected stereoisomer(s), if any: NBS, hv ? NBS hv ? (a) (b)

> Odor is one of the principal criteria used by consumers when purchasing food products such as fish. Researchers thus compared relative amounts of various volatile substances present in samples of European freshwater catfish raised in an indoor concrete p

> Kakkon is the root of an Asian plant that has traditionally been used in Chinese medicine. It smells fruity, winey, and medicinal. A study of the volatile components of kakkon (those responsible for the scent) resulted in the identification of 33 compoun

> In a study of volatile compounds extracted from cinnamon trees native to Sri Lanka, 27 compounds were identified, including3-phenylpropyl acetate. Propose a multiple-step synthesis of this compound using toluene and any two-carbon reactants as your only

> Starting with acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, propose a plausible synthesis for 1,4-dioxane: 1,4-Dioxane

> Starting with acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, identify how you would prepare each member of the following homologous series of aldehydes: a. CH3CHO b. CH3CH2CHO c. CH3CH2CH2CHO d. CH3CH2CH2CH2CHO

> Identify reagents that you could use to achieve the following transformation: Br HO En

> In the previous problem, we saw that an acetylide ion can attack a variety of electrophiles. In Chapter 19, we will see that a C=O bond can also function as an electrophile. Consider the following reaction between an acetylide ion (the nucleophile) and a

> Small organic molecules known as plasticizers are added to polymers to make them soft and flexible. Many phthalates commonly used as plasticizers have been banned from use in children’s toys due to their potential for adverse health eff

> In this chapter, we have seen that an acetylide ion can function as a nucleophile and attack an alkyl halide in an SN2 process. More generally speaking, the acetylide ion can attack other electrophiles as well. For example, we will see in Chapter 13 that

> Propose an efficient synthesis for the following transformation (many steps are required): OH но

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: X-X, Br. Br (а) Br H (b) Br

> Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, design a synthesis of pentanal (Note: pentanal has an odd number of carbon atoms, while acetylene has an even number of carbon atoms): H. エ

> Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, design a synthesis of cis-3-decene:

> Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, design a synthesis of trans-5-decene:

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: (a) (b) (c) HO. (d) H. (е)

> Using any compounds that contain two carbon atoms or fewer, show a way to prepare a racemic mixture of (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-2,3- dihydroxypentane.

> Using any compounds that contain two carbon atoms or fewer, show a way to prepare a racemic mixture of (2R,3R)-2,3- dihydroxypentane and (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxypentane.

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations:

> A compound with the molecular formula C7H14O exhibits the following 13C NMR spectra: Several structures are consistent with these spectra. To determine which structure is correct, a 1H NMR spectrum was acquired which exhibits five signals. One of those

> Identify the structure of a compound with the molecular formula C5H12 that exhibits only one kind of proton. That is, all 12 protons are chemically equivalent.

> Identify reagents that you could use to convert 2-bromo2-methylbutane into 3-methyl-1-butyne.

> Using any reagents you like, show a way to convert 1-methylcyclopentene into 3-methylcyclopentene.

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: OH (a) он (b)

> Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, identify a synthetic route for the production of 1-bromobutane.

> Using acetylene as your only source of carbon atoms, identify a synthetic route for the production of 2-bromobutane.

> Identify reagents that can be used to achieve each of the following transformations: Br CH, H Br Br Br Br- Br, Br Br Br Br Br O=0=0

> Identify reagents that can be used to achieve each of the following transformations: Br OH Br OH HO. OH -Br Br Br

> A study of compounds contained in the gas phase above a range of bacterial strains revealed the presence of 254 unique volatile organic compounds representing a broad range of structural classes. The two isomers below were among the compounds identified.

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: Br (a) он (Ь) Br Br | (c) (d) он Br. Br (f) он Br En OH (h)

> Latrunculin B is a marine natural product that was first isolated from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica. Latrunculins are toxic to eukaryotic cells (cells that have a welldefined nucleus) by disrupting normal cellular structure. In a reported syn

> Determine the structure of an alcohol with the molecular formula C5H12O that exhibits the following signals in its 13C NMR spectra: a. Broadband decoupled: 73.8 δ, 29.1 δ, and 9.5 δ b. DEPT-90: 73.8 δ c. DEPT-135: positive signals at 73.8 δ and 9.5 δ;

> Identify reagents that can be used to achieve each of the following transformations: (a) (b) Br Br (c) (d) Он H. (e) (f)

> As we will see in Chapter 26, steroids are a class of organic compounds containing a specific tetracyclic skeleton (four rings), as seen in the compounds shown below. During efforts2 to synthesize a steroid that was isolated from the Atlantic starfish, t

> Identify reagents that can be used to achieve each of the following transformations: Br (b) (c)

> The isocoumarins are a class of natural products that are structurally related to isocoumarin, shown below. They have been isolated from many sources, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. Artemidin is an isocoumarin isolated from the tarragon plant (Ar

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: Br Br (a) (b) (c) (d) Br OH (e) (f) OH OH он он Br LOH (g) (h)

> Identify reagents that can be used to accomplish each of the following transformations. If you are having trouble, the reagents for these transformations appear in the review of reactions at the end of Chapter 9, but you should first try to identify the

> Identify reagents that can be used to accomplish each of the transformations shown below. If you are having trouble, the reagents for these transformations appear in the review of reactions at the end of Chapter 8, but you should first try to identify th

> Natural products that contain the N-1,1-dimethyl-2-propenyl group (called an N-reverse prenyl group) often exhibit antitumor or antifungal activity. The synthesis of a particular N-reverse prenylated indole antifungal compound begins with the two steps s

> Roquefortine C belongs to a class of natural products, called roquefortines, first isolated from cultures of the fungus Penicillium roqueforti. Roquefortine C, which is also present in blue cheese, exhibits bacteriostatic activity (it prevents bacteria f

> Compound X has the molecular formula C7H14. Hydrogenation of compound X produces 2,4-dimethylpentane. Hydroborationoxidation of compound X produces a racemic mixture of 2,4-dimethyl1-pentanol (shown below). Predict the major product(s) obtained when comp

> Determine the structure of a compound with the molecular formula C5H10O that exhibits the following broadband-decoupled and DEPT-135 spectra. The DEPT-90 spectrum has no signals. Broadband-decoupled 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 DEPT-135 22

> Suggest an efficient synthesis for the following transformation: OH + En Br

> Compound X has the molecular formula C5H10. In the presence of a metal catalyst, compound X reacts with one equivalent of molecular hydrogen to yield 2-methylbutane. a. Suggest three possible structures for compound X. b. Hydroboration-oxidation of com

> Using acetylene and 2-methylpropane as your only sources of carbon atoms, propose a plausible synthesis for CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2. You will need to utilize many reactions from previous chapters.

> How many constitutional isomers are obtained when each of the following compounds undergoes monochlorination? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

> The rate at which two methyl radicals couple to form ethane is significantly faster than the rate at which two tert-butyl radicals couple. Offer two explanations for this observation.

> Consider the structure of the following compound: a. When this compound is treated with bromine under conditions that favor monobromination, two stereoisomeric products are obtained. Draw them and identify whether they are enantiomers or diastereomers.

> When 2-methylpropane is treated with bromine in the presence of UV light, one product predominates. a. Identify the structure of the product. b. Draw the structure of the expected minor product. c. Draw a mechanism for formation of the major product.

> Draw the products obtained when 3,3,6-trimethylcyclohexene is treated with NBS and irradiated with UV light.