Question: Firms raise capital from investors by issuing

> Suppose you observe the investment performance of 350 portfolio managers for 5 years and rank them by investment returns during each year. After 5 years, you find that 11 of the funds have investment returns that place the fund in the top half of the sam

> You expect a tax-free municipal bond portfolio to provide a rate of return of 4%. Management fees of the fund are .6%. What fraction of portfolio income is given up to fees? If the management fees for an equity fund also are .6%, but you expect a portfol

> Suppose that every time a fund manager trades stock, transaction costs such as commissions and bid–ask spreads amount to .4% of the value of the trade. If the portfolio turnover rate is 50%, by how much is the total return of the portfolio reduced by tra

> Louise and Christopher Maclin live in the U.K. and currently rent an apartment in London’s metropolitan area. During an initial discussion of the Maclins’ financial plans, Christopher Maclin makes the following statements to the Maclins’ financial advise

> You are considering an investment in a mutual fund with a 4% load and an expense ratio of .5%. You can invest instead in a bank CD paying 6% interest. a. If you plan to invest for 2 years, what annual rate of return must the fund portfolio earn for you t

> The Investments Fund sells Class A shares with a front-end load of 6% and Class B shares with 12b-1 fees of .5% annually as well as back-end load fees that start at 5% and fall by 1% for each full year the investor holds the portfolio (until the fifth ye

> City Street Fund has a portfolio of $450 million and liabilities of $10 million. a. If 44 million shares are outstanding, what is net asset value? b. If a large investor redeems 1 million shares, what happens to the (i) portfolio value, (ii) shares outst

> What are some comparative advantages of investing in the following? a. Unit investment trusts. b. Open-end mutual funds. c. Individual stocks and bonds that you choose for yourself.

> You purchased 1,000 shares of the New Fund at a price of $20 per share at the beginning of the year. You paid a front-end load of 4%. The securities in which the fund invests increase in value by 12% during the year. The fund’s expense ratio is 1.2%. Wha

> a. Impressive Fund had excellent investment performance last year, with portfolio returns that placed it in the top 10% of all funds with the same investment policy. Do you expect it to be a top performer next year? Why or why not? b. Suppose instead tha

> A closed-end fund starts the year with a net asset value of $12.00. By year-end, NAV equals $12.10. At the beginning of the year, the fund was selling at a 2% premium to NAV. By the end of the year, the fund is selling at a 7% discount to NAV. The fund p

> Would you expect a typical open-end fixed-income mutual fund to have higher or lower operating expenses than a fixed-income unit investment trust? Why?

> Consider the following limit-order book for FinTrade stock. The last trade in the stock occurred at a price of $50. a. If a market buy order for 100 shares comes in, at what price will it be filled? b. At what price would the next market buy order be fil

> Old Economy Traders opened an account to short-sell 1,000 shares of Internet Dreams from the previous problem. The initial margin requirement was 50%. (The margin account pays no interest.) A year later, the price of Internet Dreams has risen from $40 to

> Monty Frost’s tax-deferred retirement account is invested entirely in equity securities. Because the international portion of his portfolio has performed poorly in the past, he has reduced his international equity exposure to 2%. Frost’s investment advis

> Dée Trader opens a brokerage account and purchases 300 shares of Internet Dreams at $40 per share. She borrows $4,000 from her broker to help pay for the purchase. The interest rate on the loan is 8%. a. What is the margin in Dée’s account when she fir

> Where would an illiquid security in a developing country most likely trade? a. Broker markets. b. Electronic crossing networks. c. Electronic limit-order markets.

> Are the following statements true or false? If false, correct them. a. An investor who wishes to sell shares immediately should ask his or her broker to enter a limit order. b. The ask price is less than the bid price. c. An issue of additional shares of

> How does buying on margin magnify both the upside potential and the downside risk of an investment position?

> On January 1, you sold short one round lot (i.e., 100 shares) of Four Sisters stock at $21 per share. On March 1, a dividend of $2 per share was paid. On April 1, you covered the short sale by buying the stock at a price of $15 per share. You paid 50 cen

> You’ve borrowed $20,000 on margin to buy shares in Ixnay, which is now selling at $40 per share. Your account starts at the initial margin requirement of 50%. The maintenance margin is 35%. Two days later, the stock price falls to $35 per share. a. Will

> Here is some price information on Marabel, Inc.: You have placed a stop-loss order to sell at $70. What are you telling your broker? Given market prices, will your order be executed?

> Suppose that you sell short 1,000 shares of Xtel, currently selling for $20 per share, and give your broker $15,000 to establish your margin account. a. If you earn no interest on the funds in your margin account, what will be your rate of return after o

> Suppose that Xtel currently is selling at $20 per share. You buy 1,000 shares using $15,000 of your own money, borrowing the remainder of the purchase price from your broker. The rate on the margin loan is 8%. a. What is the percentage increase in the ne

> What are the differences among a limit buy order, a limit sell order, and a market order?

> Don Sampson begins a meeting with his financial adviser by outlining his investment philosophy as shown below: Select the statement from the table above that best illustrates each of the following behavioral finance concepts. Justify your selection. a. M

> If the cost of insuring your house is $1 per $1,000 of value, what will be the certainty equivalent of your end-of-year wealth if you insure your house at: a. ½ its value. b. Its full value. c. 1½ times its value.

> Turn back to Figure 2.3 and look at the Treasury bond maturing in August 2048. a. How much would you have to pay to purchase one of these bonds? b. What is its coupon rate? c. What is the yield to maturity of the bond?

> Why are money market securities sometimes referred to as “cash equivalents”?

> Turn back to Table 2.6 and look at the Microsoft options. Suppose you buy a January expiration call option with exercise price $100. a. Suppose the stock price in January is $103. Will you exercise your call? What is the profit on your position? b. What

> Which security should sell at a greater price? a. A 10-year Treasury bond with a 4% coupon rate versus a 10-year T-bond with a 5% coupon. b. A 3-month expiration call option with an exercise price of $40 versus a 3-month call on the same stock with an ex

> What problems would confront a mutual fund trying to create an index fund tied to an equally weighted index of a broad stock market?

> Using the data in the previous problem, calculate the first-period rates of return on the following indexes of the three stocks: a. A market-value-weighted index. b. An equally weighted index.

> Consider the three stocks in the following table. Pt represents price at time t, and Qt represents shares outstanding at time t. Stock C splits two for one in the last period. a. Calculate the rate of return on a price-weighted index of the three stocks

> Wall Street firms have traditionally compensated their traders with a share of the trading profits that they generated. How might this practice have affected traders’ willingness to assume risk? What agency problem can this practice engender?

> Turn to Figure 2.8 and look at the listing for Herbalife. a. How many shares could you buy for $5,000? b. What would be your annual dividend income from those shares? c. What must be Herbalife’s earnings per share? d. What was the firm&

> You see an advertisement for a book that claims to show how you can make $1 million with no risk and with no money down. Will you buy the book?

> Growth and value can be defined in several ways. “Growth” usually conveys the idea of a portfolio emphasizing or including only issues believed to possess above-average future rates of pershare earnings growth. Low current yield, high price-to-book ratio

> What are some advantages and disadvantages of top-down versus bottom-up investing styles?

> In what ways is preferred stock like long-term debt? In what ways is it like equity?

> Give an example of three financial intermediaries and explain how they act as a bridge between small investors and large capital markets or corporations.

> Oversight by large institutional investors or creditors is one mechanism to reduce agency problems. Why don’t individual investors in the firm have the same incentive to keep an eye on management?

> Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the following forms of managerial compensation in terms of mitigating agency problems, that is, potential conflicts of interest between managers and shareholders. a. A fixed salary. b. Stock in the firm that mu

> Consider Figure 1A, which describes an issue of American gold certificates. a. Is this issue a primary or secondary market transaction? b. Are the certificates primitive or derivative assets?

> Examine the balance sheet of commercial banks in Table 1.3. a. What is the ratio of real assets to total assets? b. What is the ratio of real assets to total assets for nonfinancial firms (Table 1.4)? c. Why should this difference be expected?

> Reconsider Lanni Products from the previous problem. a. Prepare its balance sheet just after it gets the bank loan. What is the ratio of real assets to total assets? b. Prepare the balance sheet after Lanni spends the $70,000 to develop its software prod

> Lanni Products is a start-up computer software development firm. It currently owns computer equipment worth $30,000 and has cash on hand of $20,000 contributed by Lanni’s owners. For each of the following transactions, identify the real and/or financial

> Suppose housing prices across the world double. a. Is society any richer for the change? b. Are homeowners wealthier? c. Can you reconcile your answers to (a) and (b)? Is anyone worse off as a result of the change?

> a. Briefly explain the concept of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and each of its three forms—weak, semistrong, and strong—and briefly discuss the degree to which existing empirical evidence supports each of the three forms of the EMH. b. Briefly d

> Which of the following is true according to the pure expectations theory? Forward rates: a. Exclusively represent expected future short rates. b. Are biased estimates of market expectations. c. Always overestimate future short rates.

> Use the data from Problem 18. Suppose that you want to construct a 2-year maturity forward loan commencing in 3 years. a. Suppose that you buy today one 3-year maturity zero-coupon bond with face value $1,000. How many 5-year maturity zeros would you hav

> Suppose that the prices of zero-coupon bonds with various maturities are given in the following table. The face value of each bond is $1,000. Maturity (years)…………..Price 1………………………$925.93 2………………………..853.39 3………………………..782.92 4………………………..715.00 5……………………

> The current yield curve for default-free zero-coupon bonds is as follows: Maturity (years) YTM (%) 1…………………..10% 2…………………..11 3…………………..12 a. What are the implied 1-year forward rates? b. Assume that the pure expectations hypothesis of the term structur

> Suppose that a 1-year zero-coupon bond with face value $100 currently sells at $94.34, while a 2-year zero sells at $84.99. You are considering the purchase of a 2-year-maturity bond making annual coupon payments. The face value of the bond is $100, and

> The yield to maturity (YTM) on 1-year zero-coupon bonds is 5%, and the YTM on 2-year zeros is 6%. The YTM on 2-year-maturity coupon bonds with coupon rates of 12% (paid annually) is 5.8%. a. What arbitrage opportunity is available for an investment banki

> You observe the following term structure: Effective Annual YTM 1-year zero-coupon bond…………6.1% 2-year zero-coupon bond…………6.2 3-year zero-coupon bond…………6.3 4-year zero-coupon bond…………6.4 a. If you believe that the term structure next year will be

> Prices of zero-coupon bonds reveal the following pattern of forward rates: Year Forward Rate 1……………………..5% 2……………………..7 3……………………..8 In addition to the zero-coupon bond, investors also may purchase a 3-year bond making annual payments of $6

> Below is a list of prices for zero-coupon bonds of various maturities. Price of $1,000 Par Bond Maturity (years) (zero-coupon) 1……………………………….$943.40 2………………………………….873.52 3………………………………….816.37 a. An 8.5% coupon $1,000 par bond pays an annual co

> Your investment client asks for information concerning the benefits of active portfolio management. She is particularly interested in the question of whether active managers can be expected to consistently exploit inefficiencies in the capital markets to

> The yield to maturity on 1-year zero-coupon bonds is currently 7%; the YTM on 2-year zeros is 8%. The Treasury plans to issue a 2-year maturity coupon bond, paying coupons once per year with a coupon rate of 9%. The face value of the bond is $100. a. At

> The term structure for zero-coupon bonds is currently: Maturity (years) YTM (%) 1………………………4% 2………………………5 3………………………6 Next year at this time, you expect it to be: Maturity (years) YTM (%) 1……………………5% 2……………………6 3……………………7 a. What do you expect the rate

> What is the relationship between forward rates and the market’s expectation of future short rates? Explain in the context of both the expectations hypothesis and the liquidity preference theory of the term structure of interest rates.

> Consider an 8% coupon bond selling for $953.10 with three years until maturity making annual coupon payments. The interest rates in the next three years will be, with certainty, r1 = 8%, r2 = 10%, and r3 = 12%. Calculate the bond’s (a) yield to maturity

> Why do bond prices go down when interest rates go up? Don’t bond lenders like to receive high interest rates?

> A newly issued bond pays its coupons once annually. Its coupon rate is 5%, its maturity is 20 years, and its yield to maturity is 8%. a. Find the holding-period return for a 1-year investment period if the bond is selling at a yield to maturity of 7% by

> FinCorp issued two bonds with 20-year maturities. Both bonds are callable at $1,050. The first bond was issued at a deep discount with a coupon rate of 4% and a price of $580 to yield 8.4%. The second bond was issued at par value with a coupon rate of 8.

> These two bonds were issued five years ago, with terms given in the following table: a. Why is the price range greater for the 6% coupon bond than the floating-rate bond? b. What factors could explain why the floating-rate bond is not always sold at par

> An investor believes that a bond may temporarily increase in credit risk. Which of the following would be the most liquid method of exploiting this? a. The purchase of a credit default swap. b. The sale of a credit default swap. c. The short sale of the

> Assume that two firms issue bonds with the following characteristics. Both bonds are issued at par. Ignoring credit quality, identify four features of these issues that might account for the lower coupon on the ABC debt. Explain.

> Karen Kay, a portfolio manager at Collins Asset Management, is using the capital asset pricing model for making recommendations to her clients. Her research department has developed the information shown in the following exhibit. a. Calculate expected re

> A 2-year bond with par value $1,000 making annual coupon payments of $100 is priced at $1,000. What is the yield to maturity of the bond? What will be the realized compound yield to maturity if the 1-year interest rate next year turns out to be (a) 8%, (

> A 30-year maturity, 7% coupon bond paying coupons semiannually is callable in five years at a call price of $1,100. The bond currently sells at a yield to maturity of 6% (3% per half-year). a. What is the yield to call? b. What is the yield to call if th

> A newly issued 10-year maturity, 4% coupon bond making annual coupon payments is sold to the public at a price of $800. What will be an investor’s taxable income from the bond over the coming year? The bond will not be sold at the end of the year. The bo

> Consider a bond paying a coupon rate of 10% per year semiannually when the market interest rate is only 4% per half-year. The bond has three years until maturity. a. Find the bond’s price today and six months from now after the next coupon is paid. b. Wh

> Repeat Problem 11 using the same data, but now assume that the bond makes its coupon payments annually. Why are the yields you compute lower in this case? Problem 11: A 20-year maturity bond with par value of $1,000 makes semiannual coupon payments at

> A 20-year maturity bond with par value of $1,000 makes semiannual coupon payments at a coupon rate of 8%. Find the bond equivalent and effective annual yield to maturity of the bond if the bond price is: a. $950 b. $1,000 c. $1,050

> Assume you have a 1-year investment horizon and are trying to choose among three bonds. All have the same degree of default risk and mature in 10 years. The first is a zero-coupon bond that pays $1,000 at maturity. The second has an 8% coupon rate and pa

> Define the following types of bonds: a. Catastrophe bond b. Eurobond c. Zero-coupon bond d. Samurai bond e. Junk bond f. Convertible bond g. Serial bond h. Equipment obligation bond i. Original-issue discount bond j. Indexed bond k. Callable bond l. Putt

> Specify the hypothesis for a test of a second-pass regression for the two-factor SML.

> Explain Roll’s critique as it applies to the tests performed in Problems 1–5.

> Joan McKay is a portfolio manager for a bank trust department. McKay meets with two clients, Kevin Murray and Lisa York, to review their investment objectives. Each client expresses an interest in changing his or her individual investment objectives. Bot

> Group the nine stocks into three portfolios, maximizing the dispersion of the betas of the three resultant portfolios. Repeat the test and explain any changes in the results.

> Summarize your test results and compare them to the results reported in the text.

> Suppose you own your own business, which now makes up about half your net worth. On the basis of what you have learned in this chapter, how would you structure your portfolio of financial assets?

> Can you identify a factor portfolio for the second factor?

> Do the data suggest a two-factor economy?

> All of the following actions are consistent with feelings of regret except: a. Selling losers quickly. b. Hiring a full-service broker. c. Holding on to losers too long.

> Some advocates of behavioral finance agree with efficient market advocates that indexing is the optimal investment strategy for most investors. But their reasons for this conclusion differ greatly. Compare and contrast the rationale for indexing accordin

> Even if behavioral biases do not affect equilibrium asset prices, why might it still be important for investors to be aware of them?

> What sorts of factors might limit the ability of rational investors to take advantage of any “pricing errors” that result from the actions of “behavioral investors”?

> Log in to Connect and link to the material for Chapter 12, where you will find five years of weekly returns for the S&P 500 and Fidelity’s Select Banking Fund (ticker FSRBX). a. Set up a spreadsheet to calculate the relative strength of the banking secto

> Briefly explain whether investors should expect a higher return on portfolio A than on portfolio B according to the capital asset pricing model.

> Log in to Connect and link to the material for Chapter 12, where you will find five years of weekly returns for the S&P 500. a. Set up a spreadsheet to calculate the 26-week moving average of the index. Set the value of the index at the beginning of the

> Why would an advocate of the efficient market hypothesis believe that even if many investors exhibit the behavioral biases discussed in the chapter, security prices might still be set efficiently?

> Using the data in Table 12A, compute a five-day moving average for Computers, Inc. Can you identify any buy or sell signals?

> Table 12A presents price data for Computers, Inc., and a computer industry index. Does Computers, Inc., show relative strength over this period?

> What is meant by data mining, and why must technical analysts be careful not to engage in it?

> Explain how some of the behavioral biases discussed in the chapter might contribute to the success of technical trading rules.

> If prices are as likely to increase as decrease, why do investors earn positive returns from the market on average?

> Why are the following “effects” considered efficient market anomalies? Are there rational explanations for any of these effects? a. P/E effect. b. Book-to-market effect. c. Momentum effect. d. Small-firm effect.