Question: In an effort to make lasers more

> Compare the following electrostatic potential maps for cycloheptatrienone and cyclopentadienone. Both of these maps were created using the same color scale so they can be compared. Notice the difference between the oxygen atoms in these two compounds. T

> Explain how the following two compounds can have the same conjugate base. Is this conjugate base aromatic?

> Consider the following two compounds: How would you distinguish between them using: a. IR spectroscopy? b. 1 H NMR spectroscopy? c. 13C NMR spectroscopy?

> One of the constitutional isomers of xylene was treated with sodium, methanol, and ammonia to yield a product that exhibited five signals in its 13C NMR spectrum. Identify which constitutional isomer of xylene was used as the starting material.

> Identify the base you would use for each of the following transformations: ? 1) OEt 2) H,0 OEt (a) .? 1) 2) H,0 (b)

> Predict the product of the following reaction and propose a mechanism for its formation: Na. CH,OH NH, ?

> How many signals do you expect in the 13C NMR spectrum of each of the following compounds? (b) Br (c) (d) (a)

> Predict the major product for each of the following reactions. NBS Heat or light ? (a) Na, Cr,0, H,SO, H20 (b) HO ? H2SO4 Heat (c) Br ? NaOEt (d)

> The following two drawings are resonance structures of one compound: But the following two drawings are not resonance structures: These two drawings represent two different compounds. Explain. Not resonance structures

> Would you expect the following compound to be aromatic? Justify your answer. OR Z=Z

> Explain the vast difference in pKa values for the following two apparently similar compounds: pk, - 16 pk. - 36

> Draw a Frost circle for the following cation and explain the source of instability of this cation:

> Identify which of the following compounds is expected to be a stronger base. Justify your choice. N- N-

> Which of the following compounds would you expect to be most acidic? Justify your choice.

> Consider the structures of the following alkyl chlorides: a. Which compound would you expect to undergo an SN1 process most readily? Justify your choice. b. Which compound would you expect to undergo an SN1 process least readily? Justify your choice.

> When 2,6-heptanedione is heated in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide, a condensation product with a sixmembered ring is obtained. Draw the product and show a mechanism for its formation.

> Identify each of the following as aromatic, nonaromatic, or antiaromatic. Explain your choice in each case. :N-H (a) (b) (d) H H O-H (e) (f) (h)

> Firefly luciferin is the compound that enables fireflies to glow. a. The structure exhibits three rings. Identify which of the rings are aromatic. b. Identify which lone pairs are involved in establishing aromaticity. N- N Firefly luciferin

> Identify which of the following are aromatic: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

> Consider the differences between cyclohexane and benzene: These compounds have different properties, different geometry, and different reactivity. Each of these compounds also has a unique set of terminology. For each of the following terms, identify wh

> Identify the number of π electrons in each of the following compounds: (a) (d) (e)

> The systematic name of TNT, a well-known explosive, is 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (as seen in SkillBuilder 17.1). There are only five constitutional isomers of TNT that contain an aromatic ring, a methyl group, and three nitro groups. Draw all five of these c

> Draw all aromatic compounds that have the molecular formula C8H9Cl.

> Draw structures for all constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C8H10 that contain an aromatic ring.

> Draw structures for the eight constitutional isomers with the molecular formula C9H12 that contain a benzene ring.

> Draw a structure for each of the following compounds: a. ortho-Dichlorobenzene b. Anisole c. meta-Nitrotoluene d. Aniline e. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol f. para-Xylene

> The reaction in the previous problem is an equilibrium process. Draw a mechanism of the reverse process. That is, draw a mechanism showing conversion of the conjugated, cyclic enone into the acyclic dione in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

> Provide a systematic name for each of the following compounds: OH Br он (a) (b) (c) HO. O,N. H. (d) Br (e)

> A compound with the molecular formula C8H10 produces an IR spectrum with many signals, including 3108, 3066, 3050, 3018, and 1608 cm−1. The 1 H NMR spectrum of this compound exhibits a singlet at 2.2 ppm (I=6H) and a multiplet at 7.1 ppm (I=4H). The 13C

> A compound with the molecular formula C8H8O produces an IR spectrum with signals at 3063, 1686, and 1646 cm−1. The 1H NMR spectrum of this compound exhibits a singlet at 2.6 ppm (I=3H) and a multiplet at 7.5 (I=5H). a. Draw the structure of this compoun

> Rippertenol is a compound made by termites and used by the insects to defend themselves from predators. Due to its complexity, the first synthesis of rippertenol was not reported until more than 30 years following its original isolation and characterizat

> Predict the major product obtained when each of the following compounds is treated with Birch conditions: (a) (b) (c) HO. HO (d) (e) (f)

> Hamigeran B and several related natural products were isolated from a sponge found off the coast of New Zealand. Hamigeran B has demonstrated strong activity against the viruses that cause polio and herpes. During efforts to synthesize this natural produ

> Propose an efficient synthesis for each of the following transformations: (a) он (Ь) (c) (d) OH (e) (f)

> Draw the expected product when each of the following compounds is oxidized with chromic acid: (a) (b) (c)

> Meclizine, shown below, is an antiemetic (prevents nausea and vomiting). a. Would you expect meclizine to be an antihistamine as well? Justify your answer. b. This drug is known to cause sedation. Describe the source of the sedative properties of mecli

> Identify which compound is expected to have a lower pKa. Justify your choice. N-H

> Draw a mechanism for the following transformation: NaOH, heat

> Draw the two possible enols that can be formed from 3-methyl-2-butanone and show a mechanism of formation of each under base-catalyzed conditions.

> Go to the beginning of Section 17.1 where the structures of several best-selling drugs were shown. Review the structures of those compounds and identify all of the aromatic rings that are not already highlighted in red.

> For each of the following compounds determine which (if any) lone pairs are participating in aromaticity: :N-H (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (h)

> In a pioneering study on the limits of aromaticity, the following resonance-stabilized dianion was prepared and examined. Predict whether this dianion is aromatic, nonaromatic, or antiaromatic. A etc.

> Determine whether each of the following ions is aromatic, nonaromatic, or antiaromatic: (a) 스 (b) (c) (d)

> Predict whether the following compound will be aromatic, nonaromatic, or antiaromatic. Explain your reasoning.

> The cyclopropenyl cation has a three-membered ring that contains a continuous system of overlapping p orbitals. This system contains a total of two π electrons. Using a Frost circle, draw an energy diagram showing the relative energy levels of

> Predict whether each of the following compounds should be aromatic: (a) (b) (c)

> In some circumstances, dehydrogenation is observed. Dehydrogenation involves the loss of two hydrogen atoms (the reverse of hydrogenation). Analyze each of the following dehydrogenation reactions and then use the information in Figure 17.1 to predict whe

> Compound A is an aromatic compound with the molecular formula C8H8. When treated with excess Br2, compound A is converted into compound B, with the molecular formula C8H8Br2. Identify the structures of compounds A and B. Compound B Compound A (C3H3)

> Aromatic compounds are commonly found in plant oils. For example, an extract of rosemary, which shows anti-oxidant activity, was found to contain the compounds eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol.1 These names are common names; however, each of these compound

> Provide at least five different acceptable IUPAC names for the following compound.

> For each of the following compounds, draw its structure: a. 2,6-Dibromo-4-chloroanisole b. meta-Nitrophenol

> Aromatic compounds often have multiple names that are all accepted by IUPAC. Provide three different systematic (IUPAC) names for the following compound. Br. CH3 HO,

> Provide a systematic name for each of the following compounds: OH Br. Br CH, O2N NO2 Br H. (a) (Ь) (c) он (d) (e)

> Rank the following dienes in terms of reactivity in Diels– Alder reactions (from least reactive to most reactive):

> Consider the following two isomers of 2,4-hexadiene. One isomer reacts rapidly as a diene in a Diels–Alder reaction, and the other does not. Identify which isomer is more reactive and explain your choice. F-/ (2E,4E)-Hexadiene (22,4

> A hetero Diels–Alder reaction is a variation of the Diels–Alder reaction in which one or more of the carbon atoms of the diene and/or the dienophile are replaced by other atoms such as oxygen or nitrogen. With this in

> Predict the products for each of the following reactions: OMe .COOH OMe (a) (Ь) COOH (c) NC-E-CN (d) (e) (f) HO. (h) (i)

> What monomer should be used to make each of the following polymers? F (a) (b) ZEO

> β-Damascenone belongs to a family of fragrant natural products called rose ketones that have been used in the perfume industry. In one synthesis of β-damascenone, the reaction of compound 1 with one equivalent of MCPBA afforded tw

> Identify reagents that can be used to produce each of the following compounds via an aldol reaction. он OH (а) (b) (с) (d) (е) HO.

> Consider the following two dienes. When treated with HBr, one of these dienes yields four products, while the other diene yields only two products. Explain.

> Predict the products for each of the following reactions and propose a mechanism that explains the formation of each product: ? HBr ? HCI HCI (a) (b)

> Draw an energy diagram showing the relative energy levels of the MOs for 1,3,5,7-octatetraene and identify the HOMO and LUMO for both the ground state and the excited state.

> Compare the following three isomeric dienes: a. Which compound will liberate the least heat upon hydrogenation with 2 mol of hydrogen gas? Why? b. Which compound will liberate the most heat upon hydrogenation with 2 mol of hydrogen gas? Why?

> Rank the three C−C bonds of 1-butene in terms of bond length (from shortest to longest).

> As shown, compound 1 can be transformed to compound 2, which undergoes a thio-Claisen rearrangement (similar to a Claisen rearrangement, but with sulfur instead of oxygen) to give compound 3. a. Identify the structure of compound 2, which co

> Roquefortine C belongs to a family of natural products first isolated from cultures of the fungus Penicillium roqueforti in the mid-1970s. Since then, roquefortine C has also been found in other natural sources, including blue cheese. Curiously, isoroque

> Endiandric acids are a class of natural products isolated from the Australian plant Endiandra introrsa. Natural products containing chiral centers are generally found in nature as a single enantiomeric form (optically active), but the endiandric acids ar

> When tricyclic cyclooctyne derivative A reacts with benzyl azide (C6H5CH2N3), a [3+2] cycloaddition occurs between the alkyne and the azide (called a click reaction) to install a new five-membered heterocycle: a. Propose a plausible mechanism for the fo

> During a recent investigation into the chemistry of oligofurans (polymers of the furan heterocycle, which show potential to be used in materials), the investigators observed an interesting reaction with dienophiles. When trifuran (below) is treated with

> Perhydroazulene derivatives have shown usefulness in electronic display applications. In a study to find an efficient route for the synthesis of the perhydroazulene skeleton, compound 1 was heated in an aqueous basic solution. The resulting intramolecula

> Identify reagents necessary to convert cyclohexane into 1,3-cyclohexadiene. Notice that the starting material has no leaving groups and cannot simply be treated with a strong base. You must first introduce functionality into the starting material (for he

> For each of the following compounds, identify whether each C=C Ï€ system is cumulated, conjugated, or isolated: но -OH он О cis-Aconitic acid Plays a role in the citric acid cycle Ocimene Present in the essential ols (a) (b) of many plants

> Numerous herbicides and fungicides are known to contain an acetylenic group. For example, compound A is a pyrimidinone herbicide that functions by inhibiting the accumulation of both chlorophyll and β-carotene. During a synthesis of A, shown

> Fluorenyldiene 1 is a highly conjugated, planar molecule that is readily oxidized to dication 2. Draw at least four other resonance structures of dication 2 and identify why the resonance structure shown here is the greatest contributor to the overall r

> In a mass spectrometric study of nitrogenous aromatic compounds, a peak at m/z = 39 was found for 17 of the 20 compounds investigated, including the 4 compounds in the first row below, with a relative intensity ranging from 5 to 84% of the base peak. Thi

> The following compound, isolated from a New Zealand sea squirt, demonstrates activity against a malarial strain that is resistant to other treatments. Consider the relative basicity of each nitrogen atom in this structure and draw the product expected wh

> When the following cyclopentadiene-fused [14]annulene is treated with KH, a green solution of a stable cyclopentadiene anion results. This transformation causes a dramatic change in part of the 1H NMR spectrum: the methyl groups shift from &a

> Compare the structures of 1,4-pentadiene and divinylamine: The first compound does not absorb UV light in the region between 200 and 400 nm. The second compound does absorb light above 200 nm. Using this information, identify the hybridizati

> Based on your answer to Problem 16.67, propose a mechanism for the following transformation: Heat + CO2

> Propose a mechanism for the following transformation: Heat H.

> Draw the condensation product obtained when each of the following compounds is heated in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide: H. -H (a) H. (b) (c) (f)

> Upon irradiation, some organic compounds undergo a reversible change in molecular structure, such as cis–trans isomerization or cyclization of π-conjugatedchromophores. Thisproperty, called photochromism, has shown strong pot

> The poison gelsemoxonine can be isolated from the leaves of a plant native to southeastern Asia (Gelsemium elegans). A key step in a synthesis of this natural product involves a thermally initiated (70°C) sigmatropic rearrangement of the compo

> During studies directed toward the synthesis of atropurpuran, a diterpene with interesting molecular architecture, the investigators used high temperature to convert an acyclic tetraene into a tricyclic compound, shown below. This transformation is belie

> During the first total synthesis of chelidonine, a cytotoxic natural product isolated from the root of Chelidonium majus, the investigators used only heat to achieve the following transformation.7 This transformation is believed to occur via two successi

> Predict the major product of the following Diels–Alder reaction, making sure to consider the regiochemical outcome as well as the stereochemical outcome. ?

> Propose a plausible mechanism for the following transformation. (Hint: Only two sequential pericyclic reactions are required.) Heat

> Would you expect nitroethylene to be more or less reactive than ethylene in a Diels–Alder reaction? (Hint: Draw the resonance structures of nitroethylene.) Ethylene Nitroethylene

> Starting with 1,3-butadiene as your only source of carbon atoms and using any other reagents of your choice, design a synthesis of the following compound: H. En CH3

> Draw all possible conjugated dienes with the molecular formula C6H10, taking special care not to draw the same compound twice.

> Compound A (C7H10) exhibits a λmax of 230 nm in its UV absorption spectrum. Upon hydrogenation with a metal catalyst, compound A will react with two equivalents of hydrogen gas. Ozonolysis of compound A yields the following two compounds. Id

> When conducted in a chiral environment (for example, by using a chiral catalyst or adding a chiral auxiliary), an asymmetric aldol reaction can occur that favors the production of a single stereoisomer over others. The aldehyde shown below was used to di

> α-Terpinene is a pleasant-smelling compound present in the essential oil of marjoram, a perennial herb. Upon hydrogenation with a metal catalyst, α-terpinene reacts with two equivalents of hydrogen gas to produce 1-isopropyl-4

> Cholesta-4,6,8(14)-triene, shown below, was isolated from the thigh gland secretion of the male Great Basin Collared Lizard Crotaphytus bicinctores and is believed to be used for communication.6 Using Woodward–Fieser rules, estimate the

> Propose a mechanism for the following transformation:

> Predict the product(s) obtained when benzoquinone is treated with excess butadiene: O: (Excess) +

> Predict the major product for each of the following reactions: ? Heat (a) ? (c) Heat Heat (b)

> When trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene is heated, conrotatory ring opening can produce two different products, yet only one is formed. Draw both products, identify which product is formed, and then explain why the other product is not formed.

> Predict which side of the following equilibrium is favored and explain your choice. Heat