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The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model.
The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.
Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality
The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.
System quality
The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.
Interactivity
The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.
System design quality
The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.

The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.
Satisfaction with the Website:
The Standard Asian Merchant Bank is a Malaysian merchant bank headquartered in Kuala Lumpur. The bank provides financial services in asset management, corporate finance, and securities broking. Clients of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank are among others institutional investors, foundations, (semi) public institutions, companies, and high net-worth individual clients. Segments in which The Standard Asian Merchant Bank operates are small and medium-sized listed companies, real estate, and biotech firms. Syafiq Aimi is a Business student from the National University of Malaysia which is located in Bangi, Selangor - about 35 km south of Kuala Lumpur. Syafiq is currently undertaking a research project for the Structured Products (SP) desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s securities department. The SP desk is responsible for developing and selling structured products: investments that consist of a portfolio of securities and derivatives. Structured products are investment instruments that are created to meet specific needs that cannot be met from standardised financial instruments. The products of the SP desk are tailor-made and they are developed based on the Standard Asian Merchant Bank’s niche specialisations which are Asian listed real estate companies, life sciences companies, and shares. The SP desk of The Standard Asian Merchant Bank has its own website that is primarily used to provide information to the users of the website. The website contains information about the products offered (e.g., brochures, legal documents, and bid-ask spreads), publications, and contact information. The website can be classified as a services-oriented relationship-building website. There are two main groups of website users; financial advisors and institutional clients of the SP desk. They use the website to examine product features, prices of the products offered by the SP desk, and legal information. For the SP desk, there are several reasons why they have asked Syafiq to undertake a research project: 1. Satisfaction with the website has never been measured. As a result, the SP desk does not know how the users experience the website. The current content and layout of the website are based on assumptions of what users are looking for on the website. For this reason, the website may contain elements deemed unnecessary by the users and it might lack features that are important to the users. 2. Users of the website only spend a small amount of time on the website. In 2011, more than 70% (75.4%) of the visitors spent less than 30 seconds on the website of the SP desk (AWStats, 2011). The products offered at the website are quite complex and clients often have a lack of knowledge concerning Structured Products. Therefore it is desirable to encourage website users to spend more time on the website. 3. The website is not self-explanatory. Consequently, people contact employees of the SP desk to ask for explanation and clarification. This is a time consuming process that is relatively expensive for a small desk. Based on preliminary research, the following problem statement was created by Syafiq: “What elements are of importance in driving Satisfaction with the Website in the Asian investment banking industry, to what extent do these variables influence Satisfaction with the Website, and how can the results of this study be used to create a website for the SP desk that is self-explanatory, that people use as their main information source and that website users spend more time on?” Several research methods are used by Syafiq to answer the problem statement. In order to determine the variables relevant to his study Syafiq has carried out a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Based on the literature review and a rigorous analysis of the interviews Syafiq has developed the following conceptual model. Syafiq now wants to collect quantitative data to be able to test this model with multivariate regression analysis. In order to collect these quantitative data, Syafiq is currently busy with designing a survey which he wants to post online. He has developed the following table that should help him to operationalize the constructs in his conceptual model. Table 1: Overview of the Constructs/variables in my Model, “Subconstructs”, and Survey Questions Information quality System quality Interactivity System design quality Satisfaction with the Website: Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.
Note. The “survey questions” in the last column are questions from various studies on website quality. I have tried to find as many questions as I could. Every single survey question is taken out of (one of) the papers presented in the reference list. REFERENCE LIST Awamleh Raed and Cedwyn Fernandes (2005), “Internet banking: an empirical investigation into the extent of adoption by banks and the determinants of customer satisfaction in the United Arab Emirates,” Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 10 (1), 0509-05. Chen, Kuanchin and David C. Yen (2004), “Improving the quality of online presence through interactivity,” Information & Management, 42, 217-26. Chen, P.S. and L.M. Hitt (2002), “Measuring Switching Costs and the Determinants of Customer Retention in Internet-Enabled Business,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 255-74. Cheung, Christy M.K. and Matthew K.O. Lee (2005), “The Asymmetric Effect of Website Attribute Performance on Satisfaction: An Empirical Study,” in proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1-10. Evans, J. R., and V.E. King (1999), “Business-to-business marketing and the World Wide Web: Planning, managing and accessing websites,” Industrial Marketing Management, 28 (4), 343–58. Greer, T.H. and M.M. Murtaza (2003), “Web Personalization: The Impact of Perceived Innovation Characteristics on the Intention to Use Personalization,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, Spring, 50-3. Hernandez, Bianca, Julio Jimenez and Jose M. Martin (2009), “Key website factors in e-business strategy,” International Journal of Information Management, 29 (5), 362-71. Loiacono, Eleanor T., Richard T. Watson and Dale L. Goodhue (2002), “WebQual: A measure of website quality,” in Marketing Theory and Applications, Vol. 13, ed. K.K. Evans and L.K. Scheer: Chicago: American Marketing Association, 1-71. McKinney, Vicki, Kanghyun Yoon and Fatemeh M. Zahedi (2002), “The Measurement of Web-Customer Satisfaction: An Expectation and Disconfirmation Approach,” Information Systems Research, 13 (3), 296-315. Muylle, Steve, Rudy Moenaert and Marc Despontin (2004), “The conceptualization and empirical validation of web site user satisfaction,” Information & Management, 41, 543-60. Palmer, Jonathan W. (2002), “Website usability, design and performance metrics,” Information Systems Research, 13 (2), 151–67. Schmidt, Serje, Antoni S. Cantallops and Cristiane Pizutti dos Santos (2008), “The characteristics of hotel websites and their implications for website effectiveness,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27 (4), 504-16. Tarafdar, Monideepa and Jie Zhang (2005), “Analysis of Critical Website Characteristics: A Cross-Category Study of Successful Websites,” Journal of Computer Information Systems, 46 (2), 14-24. Wan, Hakman A. (2000), “Opportunities to enhance a commercial website,” Information & Management, 38 (1), 15–21. Wolfinbarger, M., and M. C. Gilly (2000), “Consumer motivations for online shop- ping,” in proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems, Long Beach, CA: Association for Information Systems, 1362– 6. Zhang, Ping and Gisela M. von Dran (2002), “User Expectations and Rankings of Quality Factors in Different Web Site Domains,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6 (2), 9-33. 1. Syafiq hesitates between using a dichotomous (Yes/No) scale and the following Likert scale to examine whether (in case of a dichotomous scale) or how strongly (in case of a Likert scale) users of the website agree with statements about (for instance) the information quality of the website (e.g., “The content of the website is easy to understand” and “The website provides accurate information”). Strongly Disagree Disagree Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 What type of scale do you prefer? Why? 2. What type of scale is a Likert scale? Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, or Ratio? Explain. 3. Which measures of central tendency and dispersion can Syafiq calculate if he decides to use Likert scales? 4. Syafiq has found the following survey questions for Satisfaction with the Website in the literature. - In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. - In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. - Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? - You are satisfied with the website. Pick one of the items and turn this item into: a. A dichotomous scale b. A semantic differential scale c. A numerical scale d. A Likert scale To assess “accuracy” (a dimension of ‘Information Quality’ defined as “the degree to which the information on the website is perceived to be precise”) Syafiq wants to use the following items: - The website provides accurate information. - The website provides precise information. - The information on the website is detailed. - I can rely on the information in the website. - The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Syafiq now wants to assess the validity and reliability of this scale. He has decided to use “face validity” and “inter-item consistency” as the main indicators of the goodness of his measure. 5. Why is it important to assess the goodness of a measure? 6a. Define validity. 6b. What is face validity? 6c. How can Syafiq establish the face validity of his measure? 6d. Compare the concepts convergent and discriminant validity and indicate how these two types of validity can be established for Syafiq’s measure of accuracy. 7a. Define reliability. 7b. What do we mean with interitem consistency reliability? 7c. How can Syafiq test the interitem consistency of the “accuracy” items? 8. Has Syafiq used a reflective or a formative scale to measure information quality? Explain.





Transcribed Image Text:

Information quality System quality Satisfaction with the Website Interactivity System design quality Survey questions The range of information is high. the information provided The information is applicable to the website's activities (zie relevance). (Hernandez et al. 2009) The information is detailed (zie accuracy). Variable Definition Refers to the content of Information content by the website The main goal of the information on the website is clear. The website provides in-depth information. The information on the website is informative to your usage. The information on the website is valuable to your usage. The information on the website is of the Refers to the degree to which the information meets the needs of the website user (Muylle et al. 2004). appropriate detail. The content on the website supports its intended purpose. The website provides information that exactly fits your needs. The information is applicable to the website's activities. Relevance The information in the website is relevant. The information in the website is to the point. The information in the website does not help me at all. Refers to the currency of Information is always updated in the site. the information on the Up-to-date The website provides up-to-date information. website (McKinney et al. The information is current. 2002). You get the information you need in time. The content of the website is easy to understand. Understandability Refers to the clearness and goodness of the information (Cheung and The meaning of the information is clear. Lee 2005, 2008). The information in the website is clear to me. The information in the website is presented clearly. The information is clear in meaning. The information is easy to comprehend. In general, information on the website is understandable for you to use. The website provides comprehensive information. Refers to the completeness of the information on the Completeness website (Muylle et al. | 2004) The website provides sufficient information. The information in the website is complete. The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. The website provides information that you Refers to the degree of consistency and dependability of the information on the website (Cheung and Lee 2005, 2008; McKinney et al. 2002). Refers to the degree to which the information on The website provides precise information. the website is perceived The information on the website is detailed. | to be precise (Muylle et al. 2004; Zhang and von The information on the website is not Dran 2002). Reliability trust. The information on the website is trustworthy. The information on the website is credible. In general, information on the website is reliable for you to use. The website provides accurate information. Accuracy The information on the website is accurate. precise. I can rely on the information in the website. The information in the website is sufficiently detailed. Refers to the degree to which the user believes Usefulness The information on the website is useful. The information on the website is informative to your usage. that the information on the website will enhance The information on the website is valuable to their decision (Cheung and Lee 2005, 2008; McKinney et al. 2002) your usage. In general, information on blackboard is useful for you to use. Variable Navigability Definition Refers to the ease with Survey questions I find the site easy to navigate. which users can find the The navigation links are stated in every page. It is easy to find the information I need from this website. The organization of the contents of this site makes it easy for me to know where l am when navigating it. You obtain desired information quickly. It is easy to locate the information. The website is being easy to go back and forth between pages. The website is providing a few clicks to locate information. needed information on the website (Schmidt et al. 2007; Evans and King 1999*). In general, the website is easy to navigate. Refers to the availability The website is responsive to your request. In general, the website provides good access. The website is available at all times. Access of the website at all times (Cheung and Lee 2005; 2008) Refers to the ease with which the website can be used (Tarafdar and Zhang 2006). The website can be accessed using different browsers (OS). I find the site easy to operate. The website is easy to understand. This website is simple to use, even when using it for the first time. Ease of use The website is easy to use. The website is user-friendly. It is difficult to operate the website. In general, the website is user friendly. The website is well organized. I find the website easy to use. I find the site download time acceptable. Refers to the degree to which the website users The speed of display between pages is high. perceive the website to be fast or slow (Muylle et al. 2004). Speed There is very little time between my request for pages and having the pages displayed on my computer. The rate at which information is displayed is fast. The site doesn't waste my time. The website is time consuming. It does not take much time to get from one place in the website to another. The website is fast. The website is quickly loading all the text and graphics. When I use the website there is very little waiting time between my actions and the website's response. The website loads quickly. The website takes long too load. You feel the website is secure. The website has provisions for user authentication. Security Refers to the users perceptions' of the website's reliability and safety (Awamleh and Fernandes 2005). The website has an information policy. The website has adequate security features. I feel like my privacy is protected at this website. Privacy Refers to the elements that provide website users a sense of privacy (Schmidt et al. 2008). Refers to the accuracy The system is accurate. Are you satisfied with the accuracy of the system? System accuracy of the website in providing information to its users. Refers to the reliability of You get the information that you requested on the website in providing information to its users. System reliability the website. Survey questions I can send my feedback about the site. Think of all the possible ways that you can Variable Definition Customer Refers to the facilities and communication channels that a company contact our bank when you need to. Based offers to establish direct support on this information and on your own preferences, how easy do you think it is to contact us? You are satisfied with the customer support provided by the website. You are satisfied with the after-sales support contact with users in order to help them with questions or problems (Chen and Yen 2004; Hernandez et al. 2009; Wan 2000; Wolfinbarger provided by the website. and Gilly 2003**). The website understands your problems and requests. The website responds to your requests fast enough. The website provides the personalized customer support you need. The website responds to your problems and requests promptly. The company is willing and ready to respond to customer needs. When you have a problem, the website shows a sincere interest in solving it. Inquiries are answered promptly. The website provides information that exactly fits your needs. Refers to the ability of websites to present customized information to The website can understand what you need fulfill the individual needs via interactive communication. Customisation The website has personalization characteristics. of users (Tarafdar and Zhang 2006; Chen and Hitt 2002***; Greer and Murtaza 2003****) The website offers customized information. The level of personalization is about right, not too much or too little. The website provides the precise information you need. The website provides reports that seem to be just about exactly what you need. The website allows me to interact with it to receive tailored information. I can interact with the website in order to get information tailored to my specific needs. Control Refers to the features on The site provides value added features. the website that influence When I am using this website, I feel that I am the users' sense of control (Wolfinbarger and The user controls the order or sequence of Gilly 2000)*****. in control of what I can do. information access. The user controls how fast to go through the website. The user controls opportunities for interaction. Users control the difficulty level of the information accessed. The website has features, which help me accomplish my task. Survey questions The site has an attractive appearance. Variable Definition Visual appeal Refers to the aesthetics of the website (Loiacono The website has an attractive layout. et al. 2002). I like the layout of the website. The layout of the website is visually comforting. The layout of the website is annoying. The website is visually attractive. The website has an attractive screen layout. The website is visually pleasing. The website displays visually pleasing design. The website is visually appealing. The design is appropriate to the type of the Innovativeness Refers to the uniqueness and creativity of the website (Loiacono et al. 2002). site. The website is innovative. Refers to the ease of reading of the information on the website (Palmer 2002). The layout of the information is easy to The website design is innovative. The website is creative. The site presents the information in an appropriate format. The output format is easy to read. Legibility understand. The website is well organized. The website has a simple layout for its content. The website has a clear design. The information on the website is easy to read. The text on the website is easy to read. Consistent image Refers to the The design is appropriate to the type of consistency of the image website. projected by the website I find the site has consistent page layout. with the image of the firm (Loiacono et al. 2002). You are satisfied with the image of the website. The company to which the website belongs has a well-known brand. The website projects an image consistent with the company's image. The website fits with my image of the company. The website's image matches that of the company. Satisfaction Definition Survey questions with the website The discrepancy In general terms, I am satisfied with the way that this website has carried out my actions. In general, I am satisfied with the service that I received from the website. Please think of your overall experience with the website. On a scale of 1-7, overall, how satisfied are you with the website? You are satisfied with the website. between a customer's expectations and perceptions of performance

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> A valid instrument is always reliable, but a reliable instrument is not always valid”. Comment on this statement.

> What does coding the data involve?

> What activities are involved in getting the data ready for analysis?

> A disadvantage of observation is observer bias. Discuss at least two ways of minimizing observer bias.

> What is reactivity?

> What is meant by operational definition, when is it necessary, and why is it necessary?

> How does a simple checklist differ from a sequence record on time-scale?

> Is it possible to test hypotheses with structured observation? Why (not)?

> Why is it wrong to use correlates of a concept to measure that concept?

> Since we cannot directly observe achievement motivation, job satisfaction, and service quality, these are not appropriate topics for a scientific study.” Discuss this statement.

> Explain why it is impossible to measure an object.

> Is it useful to draw on existing measures to measure abstract and subjective constructs such as for instance customer loyalty? Why (not)?

> Xavier Gonzalez Garcia is a Business Administration student at a big, reputable university in England. Xavier loves to play soccer and tennis, he very much enjoys listening to music (he is a big fan of Muse), and he is fond of watching movies. He is a st

> Alter the VIDEO table to include an attribute named VID_STATUS to store character data up to 4 characters long. The attribute should not accept null values. The attribute should have a constraint to enforce the domain (“IN”, “OUT”, and “LOST”), and hav

> Describe the client/server model for application processing.

4.99

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