Question: You pass a road sign saying “New

> Carry out the indicated temperature conversions. a. 175 °F to kelvins b. 255 K to Celsius degrees c. 245 °F to Celsius degrees d. 125 °C to Fahrenheit degrees

> Convert the following temperatures to kelvins. a. 0 °C b. 25 °C c. 37 °C d. 100 °C e. 2175 °C f. 212 °C

> Given that one metric ton = 1000 kg, how many metric tons are in 5.3 3 103 lb?

> The mean distance from the earth to the sun is 9.3 3 107 mi. What is this distance in kilometers? in centimeters?

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up clearly the appropriate conversion factor(s) in each case. a. 908 oz to kilograms b. 12.8 L to gallons c. 125 mL to quarts d. 2.89 gal to milliliters e. 4.48 lb to grams f. 550 mL to q

> Which of the following substances is(are) homogeneous mixture(s)? a. chocolate chip cookie b. iodine crystals (I2) c. air (in this room) d. gasoline (for a car) e. sucrose, C12H22O11 (commonly found in table sugar)

> A rectangular solid measures 1.0 m by 2.4 mm by 3.9 dm. What is the volume in liters?

> Given that 1 L = 1000 cm3, determine what conversion factor is appropriate to convert 350 cm3 to liters; to convert 0.200 L to cubic centimeters.

> What does it mean to say that a solution is a homogeneous mixture?

> (For Exercises 13–14) Magnesium metal is very malleable and is able to be pounded and stretched into long, thin, narrow “ribbons” that are often used in the introductory chemistry lab as a source of the metal. If a strip of magnesium ribbon is ignited in

> If the combination of iron filings and sulfur in Question 25 is heated strongly, the iron reacts with the sulfur to form a solid that is no longer attracted by the magnet. Would this still represent a “mixture”? Why or why not?

> If iron filings are placed with excess powdered sulfur in a beaker, the iron filings are still attracted by a magnet and could be separated from the sulfur with the magnet. Would this combination of iron and sulfur represent a mixture or a pure substance

> Round off each of the following numbers to the indicated number of significant digits. a. 0.75555 to four digits b. 292.5 to three digits c. 17.005 to four digits d. 432.965 to five digits

> Round off each of the following numbers to three significant digits. a. 0.00042557 b. 4.0235 * 10-5 c. 5,991,556 d. 399.85 e. 0.0059998

> Indicate the number of significant figures in each of the following: a. This book contains over 500 pages. b. A mile is just over 5000 ft. c. A liter is equivalent to 1.059 qt. d. The population of the United States is approaching 250 million. e. A

> You are working on a project where you need the volume of a box. You take the length, height, and width measurements and then multiply the values together to find the volume. You report the volume of the box as 0.310 m3. If two of your measurements were

> A perfect cube of unknown elemental composition has a length of 1.40 m on each side. The mass of the cube is 21.57 Mg (megagrams). Using this information and Table 2.8, determine the metal used to prepare the cube.

> The length 500 m can also be expressed as nm.

> Which weighs more, 4.25 g of gold or 425 mg of gold?

> Which weighs more, 0.001 g of water or 1 mg of water?

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 1/1033 b. 1/105 c. 1/10-7 d. 1/0.0002 e. 1/3,093,000 f. 1/10-4 g. 1/109 h. 1/0.000015

> Would an automobile moving at a constant speed of 100 km/h violate a 65-mph speed limit?

> The distance 10.5 cm could also be expressed as m.

> The volume 0.250 L could also be expressed as mL.

> 1 L = dm3 = cm3 = mL

> Which distance is farther, 100 km or 50 mi?

> Draw a piece of lab glassware that can appropriately measure the volume of a liquid as 32.87 mL.

> The fundamental unit of length or distance in the metric system is the .

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. See the Appendix if you need help multiplying or dividing numbers with exponents. a. 1/102 b. 1/10-2 c. 55/103 d. (3.1 * 106)/10-3 e. (106)1/2 f. (106)(104)/(102) g. 1/0.0034 h.

> Which of the following are considered compounds (as opposed to elements)? a. He b. F2 c. HCl d. S8

> The composition of a given pure compound is always no matter what the source of the compound.

> Is the process represented below a physical or chemical change? H,O H,O H2 O2 Electric current H2

> can be broken down into the component elements by chemical changes.

> For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, will the exponent be positive, negative, or zero? a. 72.471 b. 0.008941 c. 9.9914 d. 6519 e. 0.

> For each of the following numbers, by how many places must the decimal point be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, will the exponent be positive, negative, or zero? a. 55,651 b. 0.000008991 c. 2.04 d. 883,541 e

> For each of the following numbers, by how many places does the decimal point have to be moved to express the number in standard scientific notation? In each case, is the exponent positive or negative? a. 102 b. 0.00000000003489 c. 2500 d. 0.00003489

> For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific notation, will the exponent of the power of 10 be positive, negative, or zero? a. 4,915,442 b. 1/1000 c. 0.001 d. 3.75

> For each of the following numbers, if the number is rewritten in scientific notation, will the exponent of the power of 10 be positive, negative, or zero? a. 1/103 b. 0.00045 c. 52,550 d. 7.21 e. 1/3

> When 2891 is written in scientific notation, the exponent indicating the power of 10 is .

> Ethanol and benzene dissolve in each other. When 100. mL of ethanol is dissolved in 1.00 L of benzene, what is the mass of the mixture? (See Table 2.8.) Table 2.8 Densities of Various Common Substances at 20 °C Substance Physical State Density (g/cm

> Using Table 2.8, calculate the volume of 25.0 g of each of the following: a. hydrogen gas (at 1 atmosphere pressure) b. mercury c. lead d. water Table 2.8 Densities of Various Common Substances at 20 °C Substance Physical State Density (g/cm³) о

> A gas cylinder having a volume of 10.5 L contains 36.8 g of gas. What is the density of the gas?

> Elemental bromine is a dense, dark-red, pungent-smelling liquid. Are these characteristics of elemental bromine physical or chemical properties?

> For a material to float on the surface of water, the material must have a density less than that of water (1.0 g/mL) and must not react with the water or dissolve in it. A spherical ball has a radius of 0.50 cm and weighs 2.0 g. Will this ball float or s

> On the planet Xgnu, the natives have 14 fingers. On the official Xgnuese temperature scale (°X), the boiling point of water (under an atmospheric pressure similar to earth’s) is 140 °X, whereas water freezes at 14 °X. Derive the relationship between °X a

> For a pharmacist dispensing pills or capsules, it is often easier to weigh the medication to be dispensed rather than to count the individual pills. If a single antibiotic capsule weighs 0.65 g, and a pharmacist weighs out 15.6 g of capsules, how many ca

> You are in Paris, and you want to buy some peaches for lunch. The sign in the fruit stand indicates that peaches are 2.76 euros per kilogram. Given that there are approximately 1.44 euros to the dollar, calculate what a pound of peaches will cost in doll

> Suppose your car is rated at 45 mi/gal for highway use and 38 mi/gal for city driving. If you wanted to write your friend in Spain about your car’s mileage, what ratings in kilometers per liter would you report?

> Certain elements have special affinities for other elements. This causes them to bind together in special ways to form .

> On the planet Xgnu, the most common units of length are the blim (for long distances) and the kryll (for shorter distances). Because the Xgnuese have 14 fingers, perhaps it is not surprising that 1400 kryll 5 1 blim. a. Two cities on Xgnu are 36.2 blim

> What is a compound? What are compounds composed of? What is true about the composition of a compound, no matter where we happen to find the compound?

> For the measurement 0.003040 meters, indicate which (if any) zeros are significant and which (if any) are not significant. Account for all five zeros in the measurement, and explain your reasoning.

> By how many places must the decimal point be moved, and in which direction, to convert each of the following to standard scientific notation? a. 5993 b. -72.14 c. 0.00008291 d. 62.357 e. 0.01014 f. 324.9

> A represents a quantitative observation.

> Sketch a flowchart of the steps in the scientific method. Then define each part of the method.

> What similarities are there between the solid and liquid states of matter? What differences are there between these two states?

> Express each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 0.5012 b. 5,012,000 c. 0.000005012 d. 5.012 e. 5012 f. 0.005012

> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment Measurement: Past, Present, and Future and answer the following questions. a. Give three examples of how developing sophisticated measuring devices is useful in our society. b. Explain how advances in measurement a

> The “Chemistry in Focus” segment Critical Units! discusses the importance of unit conversions. Read the segment and make the proper unit conversions to answer the following questions. a. The Mars Climate Orbiter burned up because it dipped lower in the

> For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. a. mass = 234 g; volume = 2.2 cm3 b. mass = 2.34 kg; volume = 2.2 m3 c. mass = 1.2 lb; volume = 2.1 ft3 d. mass = 4.3 ton; volume = 54.2 yd3

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up clearly the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 8.43 cm to millimeters b. 2.41 * 102 cm to meters c. 294.5 nm to centimeters d. 404.5 m to kilometers e. 1.445 * 104 m to kilo

> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (2.9932 * 104)[2.4443 * 102 + 1.0032 * 101] b. [2.34 * 102 + 2.443 * 10-1]/(0.0323) c. (4.38 * 10-3)2 d. (5.9938 * 10-6)1/2

> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (0.0432)(2.909)(4.43 * 108) b. (0.8922)/[(0.00932)(4.03 * 102)] c. (3.923 * 102)(2.94)(4.093 * 10-3) d. (4.9211)(0.04434)/[(0.000934)(2.892 * 10

> Evaluate each of the following, and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. 149.2 + 0.034 + 2000.34 b. 1.0322 * 103 + 4.34 * 103 c. 4.03 * 10-2 - 2.044 * 10-3 d. 2.094 * 105 - 1.073 * 106

> Write each of the following numbers in standard scientific notation. a. 102.3 * 10-5 b. 32.03 * 10-3 c. 59933 * 102 d. 599.33 * 104 e. 5993.3 * 103 f. 2054 * 10-1 g. 32,000,000 * 10-6 h. 59.933 * 105

> Rewrite each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 2.789 * 103 b. 2.789 * 10-3 c. 9.3 * 107 d. 4.289 * 101 e. 9.999 * 104 f. 9.999 * 10-5

> Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 2.98 * 10-5 b. 4.358 * 109 c. 1.9928 * 10-6 d. 6.02 * 10-3 e. 1.01 * 10-1 f. 7.87 * 10-3 g. 9.87 * 107 h. 3.7899 * 102 i. 1.093 * 10-1 j. 2.9004 * 100 k. 3.9 * 10-4 l. 1.904 *

> Express each of the following numbers in scientific (exponential) notation. a. 529 b. 240,000,000 c. 301,000,000,000,000,000 d. 78,444 e. 0.0003442 f. 0.000000000902 g. 0.043 h. 0.0821

> Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. A 1.00-liter bottle contains more soda than a 1.00-quart bottle. b. A man who is 1.52 m tall is taller than a woman who is 5 ft 3 in. tall. c. A 335-g container of peanut butter is heavier than a con

> A metal ion with a 2+ charge contains 34 neutrons and 27 electrons. Identify the metal ion and determine its mass number.

> Make the following conversions. a. 1.25 in. to feet and to centimeters b. 2.12 qt to gallons and to liters c. 2640 ft to miles and to kilometers d. 1.254 kg lead to its volume in cubic centimeters e. 250. mL ethanol to its mass in grams f. 3.5 in.3

> Express each of the following as an “ordinary” decimal number. a. 3.011 * 1023 e. 4.32002 * 10-4 b. 5.091 * 109 f. 3.001 * 10-2 c. 7.2 * 102 g. 2.9901 * 10-7 d. 1.234 * 105 h. 4.2 * 10-1

> The principal goal of alchemists was to convert cheaper, more common metals into gold. Considering that gold had no particular practical uses (for example, it was too soft to be used for weapons), why do you think early civilizations placed such emphasis

> You want to make a rectangular box that weighs 2.0 pounds and floats on water. The width and height of the box are each 5.0 cm long. Choose the minimum length of the box that will keep it afloat on the water. Assume the density of water is 1.0 g/cm3. Sho

> Iron has a density of 7.87 g/cm3. If 52.4 g of iron is added to 75.0 mL of water in a graduated cylinder, to what volume reading will the water level in the cylinder rise?

> Is it possible for the same two elements to form more than one compound? Is this consistent with Dalton’s atomic theory? Give an example.

> Read the “Chemistry in Focus” segment A Mystifying Problem, and discuss how David and Susan analyzed the situation, arriving at the theory that the lead glaze on the pottery was responsible for their symptoms.

> Which subatomic particles contribute most to the atom’s mass? Which subatomic particles determine the atom’s chemical properties?

> List the names, symbols, and atomic numbers of the top four elements in Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7.

> For the masses and volumes indicated, calculate the density in grams per cubic centimeter. a. mass = 452.1 g; volume = 292 cm3 b. mass = 0.14 lb; volume = 125 mL c. mass = 1.01 kg; volume = 1000 cm3 d. mass = 225 mg; volume = 2.51 mL

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 254.3 g to kilograms b. 2.75 kg to grams c. 2.75 kg to pounds d. 2.75 kg to ounces e. 534.1 g to pounds f. 1.75 lb to grams g. 8.7 o

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 1.75 mi to kilometers b. 2.63 gal to quarts c. 4.675 calories to joules d. 756.2 mm Hg to atmospheres e. 36.3 atomic mass units to kil

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 2.23 m to yards b. 46.2 yd to meters c. 292 cm to inches d. 881.2 in. to centimeters e. 1043 km to miles f. 445.5 mi to kilometers g.

> Perform each of the following conversions, being sure to set up the appropriate conversion factor in each case. a. 12.5 in. to centimeters b. 12.5 cm to inches c. 2513 ft to miles d. 4.53 ft to meters e. 6.52 min to seconds f. 52.3 cm to meters g.

> Oxygen forms molecules in which there are two oxygen atoms, O2. Phosphorus forms molecules in which there are four phosphorus atoms, P4. Does this mean that O2 and P4 are “compounds” because they contain multiple atoms? O2 and P4 react with each other to

> Evaluate each of the following and write the answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. a. (2.0944 + 0.0003233 + 12.22)/(7.001) b. (1.42 * 102 + 1.021 * 103)/(3.1 * 10-1) c. (9.762 * 10-3)/(1.43 * 102 + 4.51 * 101) d. (6.1982 * 10-4)2

> Under ordinary conditions, only a few pure elements occur as liquids. Give an example of a metallic and a nonmetallic element that ordinarily occur as liquids.

> We use chemical reactions in our everyday lives, too, not just in the science laboratory. Give at least five examples of chemical transformations that you use in your daily activities. Indicate what the “chemical” is in each of your examples and how you

> Without actually performing the calculations indicated, tell to how many significant digits the answer to the calculation should be expressed. b. (67.41 + 0.32 + 1.98)/(18.225) c. (2.001 * 10-3)(4.7 * 10-6)(68.224 * 10-2) d. (72.15)(63.9)[1.98 + 4.8981

> Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change or property. a. Milk curdles if a few drops of lemon juice are added to it. b. Butter turns rancid if it is left exposed at room temperature. c. Salad dressing separates into layers after

> Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. a. (4.771 + 2.3)/3.1 b. 5.02 * 102 + 4.1 * 102 c. 1.091 * 103 + 2.21 * 102 + 1.14 * 101 d. (2.7991 * 10-6)/(4.22 * 106)

> Evaluate each of the following mathematical expressions, and express the answer to the correct number of significant digits. a. 44.2124 + 0.81 + 7.335 b. 9.7789 + 3.3315 - 2.21 c. 0.8891 + 0.225 + 4.14 d. (7.223 + 9.14 + 3.7795)/3.1

> You are asked to determine the perimeter of the cover of your textbook. You measure the length as 34.29 cm and the width as 26.72 cm. How many significant figures should you report for the perimeter?

> Of the following isotopes, which are isotopes of the same element? c. {X d. X 20 а. 10- с. е. b. х 22 10- 12

> In a common laboratory experiment in general chemistry, students are asked to determine the relative amounts of benzoic acid and charcoal in a solid mixture. Benzoic acid is relatively soluble in hot water, but charcoal is not. Devise a method for separa

> Describe how the process of filtration could be used to separate a mixture into its components. Give an example.

> Dalton’s original atomic theory proposed that all atoms of a given element are identical. Did this turn out to be true after further experimentation was carried out? Explain.

> Scientists J. J. Thomson and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) made numerous contributions to our understanding of the atom’s structure. a. Which subatomic particle did J. J. Thomson discover, and what did this lead him to postulate about the nature of the

> Compare and contrast the ease with which molecules are able to move relative to each other in the three states of matter.

> For the pin shown in Fig. 2.5, why is the third figure determined for the length of the pin uncertain? Considering that the third figure is uncertain, explain why the length of the pin is indicated as 2.85 cm rather than, for example, 2.83 or 2.87 cm.