All Related Questions of Mutation

Q: Use the Multiplication Rule. Research has shown that approximately 1

Use the Multiplication Rule. Research has shown that approximately 1 woman in 600 carries a mutation of the BRCA1 gene. About 60% of women with this mutation develop breast cancer. Find th...

Q: If a mutation changed the start codon into a stop codon,

If a mutation changed the start codon into a stop codon, would this mutation affect the length of the RNA? Explain.

Q: What would be the consequences if a mutation removed the rut site

What would be the consequences if a mutation removed the rut site from this RNA molecule?

Q: Female fruit flies homozygous for the X-linked white-eye

Female fruit flies homozygous for the X-linked white-eye allele are crossed to males with red eyes. On very rare occasions, an offspring of such a cross is a male with red eyes. Assuming these rare of...

Q: Sometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the wrong nucleotide is

Sometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the wrong nucleotide is added to the growing DNA strand. With regard to pyrimidines and purines, two general types of mistakes are possible. The addition...

Q: Let’s suppose a DNA mutation changes the consensus sequence at the −

Let’s suppose a DNA mutation changes the consensus sequence at the −35 site in a way that inhibits σ factor binding. Explain how a mutation could inhibit...

Q: Mutations that occur at the end of a gene may alter the

Mutations that occur at the end of a gene may alter the sequence of the gene and prevent transcriptional termination. A. What types of mutations would prevent ρ-independent termination? B. What type...

Q: A mutation within a gene sequence changes the start codon to a

A mutation within a gene sequence changes the start codon to a stop codon. How will this mutation affect the transcription of this gene?

Q: In bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA

In bacteria, researchers have isolated strains that carry mutations within tRNA genes. These mutations can change the sequence of the anticodon. For example, a normal tRNATrp gene encodes a tRNA with...

Q: An mRNA encodes a polypeptide that is 312 amino acids in length

An mRNA encodes a polypeptide that is 312 amino acids in length. The 53rd codon in this polypeptide is a tryptophan codon. A mutation in the gene that encodes this polypeptide changes this tryptophan...

Q: Chapter 21 describes a blotting method known as Western blotting that can

Chapter 21 describes a blotting method known as Western blotting that can be used to detect the production of a polypeptide that is translated from a particular mRNA. In this method, a protein is dete...

Q: The technique of Western blotting is described in Chapter 21 and also

The technique of Western blotting is described in Chapter 21 and also in experimental question E5. Let’s suppose a researcher is interested in the effects of mutations on the expression of a proteinen...

Q: In the experiment of Figure 7.1, a met−

In the experiment of Figure 7.1, a met− bio− thr+ leu+ thi+ cell could become met+ bio+ thr+ leu+ thi+ by a (rare) double mutation that converts the metâˆ...

Q: Chapter 21 describes a technique known as Northern blotting that is used

Chapter 21 describes a technique known as Northern blotting that is used to detect RNA transcribed from a particular gene. In this method, a specific RNA is detected using a short segment of cloned DN...

Q: How would a mutation that prevents the Ras protein from hydrolyzing GTP

How would a mutation that prevents the Ras protein from hydrolyzing GTP affect the cell-signaling pathway in Figure 25.11? From Figure 25.11:

Q: Describe the difference in the effects of a mutation in a gap

Describe the difference in the effects of a mutation in a gap gene versus one in a pair-rule gene.

Q: Two techniques commonly used to study the expression patterns of genes that

Two techniques commonly used to study the expression patterns of genes that play a role in development are Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. As described in Chapter 21, Northern blotting is...

Q: Explain why a cell lineage diagram is necessary to determine if a

Explain why a cell lineage diagram is necessary to determine if a mutation is heterochronic.

Q: Take a look at question 2 in More Genetic TIPS before answering

Take a look at question 2 in More Genetic TIPS before answering this question. Drosophila embryos carrying a ts mutation were exposed to the permissive (25°C) or nonpermissive (30Â&de...

Q: All of the homeotic genes in Drosophila have been cloned. As

All of the homeotic genes in Drosophila have been cloned. As discussed in Chapter 21, cloned genes can be manipulated in vitro. They can be subjected to cutting and pasting, gene mutagenesis, etc. Aft...

Q: Hurler syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes

Hurler syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called α-l-iduronidase. This protein functions within lysosomes as an enzyme that breaks down mucopolysaccharides (a...

Q: Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism caused by an autosomal dominant

Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism caused by an autosomal dominant mutation that affects the gene that encodes a fibroblast growth factor receptor. Among 1,422,000 live births, the number of ba...

Q: Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). HPRT is an enzyme that functions in purine metabolism. People a...

Q: Marfan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes

Marfan syndrome is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called fibrillin-1. It is inherited as a dominant trait. The fibrillin-1 protein is the main constituent of extracellular microfib...

Q: Sandhoff disease is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes

Sandhoff disease is due to a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called hexosaminidase B. This disease has symptoms that are similar to those of Tay-Sachs disease. Weakness begins in the first 6...

Q: Ehler-Danlos syndrome is a rare disorder caused by a mutation

Ehler-Danlos syndrome is a rare disorder caused by a mutation in a gene that encodes a protein called collagen (type 3 A1). Collagen is found in the extracellular matrix that plays an important role i...

Q: An individual carries a somatic mutation that changes a lysine codon into

An individual carries a somatic mutation that changes a lysine codon into a glutamic acid codon. Prior to acquiring this mutation, the individual had been exposed to UV light, proflavin, and 5-bromour...

Q: Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens

Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abn...

Q: If a mutation in a homeotic gene produced the following phenotypes,

If a mutation in a homeotic gene produced the following phenotypes, would you expect it to be a loss-of-function or a gain-of function mutation? Explain your answer. A. An abdominal segment has anten...

Q: A hypothetical cell lineage is shown here. /

A hypothetical cell lineage is shown here. A gene, which we will call gene X, is activated in the B-1 cell, so the B-1 cell will progress through the proper developmental stages to produce three nerv...

Q: What is a heterochronic mutation? How does it affect the phenotypic

What is a heterochronic mutation? How does it affect the phenotypic outcome of an organism? What phenotypic effects would you expect if a heterochronic mutation affected the cell lineage that determin...

Q: If you observed fruit flies with the following developmental abnormalities, would

If you observed fruit flies with the following developmental abnormalities, would you guess that a mutation has occurred in a segmentation gene or a homeotic gene? Explain your guess. A. Three abdomi...

Q: With regard to genetic drift, are the following statements true or

With regard to genetic drift, are the following statements true or false? If a statement is false, explain why. A. Over the long run, genetic drift leads to allele fixation or loss. B. When a new mu...

Q: Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During

Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibioticresistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This...

Q: Let’s suppose the mutation rate for converting a B allele into a

Let’s suppose the mutation rate for converting a B allele into a b allele is 10–4. The current allele frequencies are B = 0.6 and b = 0.4. How long will it take for the allele frequencies to equal eac...

Q: In E. coli, a methyltransferase enzyme encoded by the dam

In E. coli, a methyltransferase enzyme encoded by the dam gene recognizes the sequence 5′–GATC–3′ and attaches a methyl group to the nitrogen at position 6 of adenine. E. coli strains that have the da...

Q: Some mutations have a cis-effect, whereas others have a

Some mutations have a cis-effect, whereas others have a transeffect. Explain the molecular differences between cis- and transmutations. Which type of mutation (cis or trans) can be complemented in a m...

Q: Let’s suppose a mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor does not prevent the

Let’s suppose a mutation in the glucocorticoid receptor does not prevent the binding of the glucocorticoid hormone to the protein but prevents the ability of the receptor to activate transcription. Ma...

Q: Let’s suppose a mutation removes the ICR next to the Igf2 gene

Let’s suppose a mutation removes the ICR next to the Igf2 gene. If this mutation is inherited from the mother, will the Igf2 gene (from the mother) be silenced or expressed? Explain.

Q: Let’s suppose that a vertebrate organism carries a mutation that causes some

Let’s suppose that a vertebrate organism carries a mutation that causes some cells that normally differentiate into nerve cells to differentiate into muscle cells. A molecular analysis reveals that th...

Q: Mutations may have an effect on the expression of the lac operon

Mutations may have an effect on the expression of the lac operon and the trp operon. Would the following mutations have a cis- or transeffect on the expression of the protein-encoding genes in the ope...

Q: Would a mutation that inactivated lac repressor and prevented it from binding

Would a mutation that inactivated lac repressor and prevented it from binding to the lac operator site result in the constitutive expression of the lac operon under all conditions? Explain. What is th...

Q: Mutations in tRNA genes can create tRNAs that recognize stop codons.

Mutations in tRNA genes can create tRNAs that recognize stop codons. Because stop codons are sometimes called nonsense codons, these types of mutations that affect tRNAs are called nonsense suppressor...

Q: Is a random mutation more likely to be beneficial or harmful?

Is a random mutation more likely to be beneficial or harmful? Explain your answer.

Q: Which of the following mutations could be appropriately described as a position

Which of the following mutations could be appropriately described as a position effect? A. A point mutation at the –10 position in the promoter region prevents transcription. B. A translocation place...

Q: What type of mutation (transition, transversion, or frameshift)

What type of mutation (transition, transversion, or frameshift) would you expect each of the following mutagens to cause? A. Nitrous acid B. 5-Bromouracil C. Proflavin

Q: A gene mutation changes an AT base pair to GC. This

A gene mutation changes an AT base pair to GC. This change causes a gene to encode a truncated protein that is nonfunctional. An organism that carries this mutation cannot survive at high temperatures...

Q: What is the difference between the mutation rate and the mutation frequency

What is the difference between the mutation rate and the mutation frequency?

Q: Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism. It is caused by

Achondroplasia is a rare form of dwarfism. It is caused by an autosomal dominant mutation within a single gene. Among 1,422,000 live births, the number of babies born with achondroplasia was 31. Among...

Q: What does a suppressor mutation suppress? What is the difference between

What does a suppressor mutation suppress? What is the difference between an intragenic and an intergenic suppressor?

Q: How would each of the following types of mutations affect protein function

How would each of the following types of mutations affect protein function or the amount of functional protein that is expressed from a gene? A. Nonsense mutation B. Missense mutation C. Up promote...

Q: Lactose permease is encoded by the lacY gene of the lac operon

Lactose permease is encoded by the lacY gene of the lac operon. Suppose a mutation occurred at codon 64 that changed the normal glycine codon into a valine codon. The mutant lactose permease is unable...

Q: A point mutation occurs in the middle of the coding sequence for

A point mutation occurs in the middle of the coding sequence for a gene. Which types of mutations—silent, missense, nonsense, and frameshift—would be most likely to disrupt protein function and which...

Q: If a mutation prevented IRP from binding to the IRE in the

If a mutation prevented IRP from binding to the IRE in the ferritin mRNA, how would the mutation affect the regulation of ferritin synthesis? Do you think there would be too much or too little ferriti...

Q: In Chapters 12 through 16, we discussed many sequences that are

In Chapters 12 through 16, we discussed many sequences that are outside a coding sequence but are important for gene expression. Look up two of these sequences and write them out. Explain how a mutati...

Q: Take a look at question 3 in More Genetic TIPS and the

Take a look at question 3 in More Genetic TIPS and the codon table in Chapter 13. Assuming that a mutation causing a single base change is more likely than one causing a double base change, propose ho...

Q: Let’s suppose a researcher was interested in the effects of mutations on

Let’s suppose a researcher was interested in the effects of mutations on the expression of a protein-encoding gene that encodes a polypeptide that is 472 amino acids in length. This polypeptide is exp...

Q: Researchers can introduce loss-of-function mutations into genes using

Researchers can introduce loss-of-function mutations into genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology described in Chapter 21. If you used this technology to produce the following homozygous loss-of-functi...

Q: In E. coli, a variety of mutator strains have been

In E. coli, a variety of mutator strains have been identified in which the spontaneous rate of mutation is much higher than in normal strains. Make a list of the types of abnormalities that could caus...

Q: A large amount of research is aimed at studying mutation. However

A large amount of research is aimed at studying mutation. However, there is not an infinite amount of research money. Where would you put your money for mutation research? A. Testing of potential mut...

Q: A commercially available strain of P. syringae marketed as Frostban B

A commercially available strain of P. syringae marketed as Frostban B is used to combat frost damage. This is a naturally occurring strain that carries a loss-of-function mutation in a gene that encod...

Q: At the molecular level, how do you think a gain-

At the molecular level, how do you think a gain-of-function mutation in a developmental gene might cause it to be expressed in the wrong place or at the wrong time? Explain what type of DNA sequence w...

Q: Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of genetic polymorphisms.

Discuss the role of mutation in the origin of genetic polymorphisms. Suppose that a genetic polymorphism involves two alleles at frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55. Describe three different scenarios to exp...

Q: Explain how the technique of replica plating supports the random mutation theory

Explain how the technique of replica plating supports the random mutation theory but conflicts with the physiological adaptation hypothesis.

Q: During an Ames test, bacteria were exposed to a potential mutagen

During an Ames test, bacteria were exposed to a potential mutagen. Also, as a control, another sample of bacteria was not exposed to the mutagen. In both cases, 10 million bacteria were plated and the...

Q: When DNA replication occurs over an apurinic site, what is the

When DNA replication occurs over an apurinic site, what is the probability that a mutation will occur?

Q: A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the

A research study indicated that an agent in cigarette smoke caused the silencing of a tumor-suppressor gene called p53. However, using sequencing, no mutation was found in the DNA sequence for this ge...

Q: A protein called trypsin, which plays a role in digestion,

A protein called trypsin, which plays a role in digestion, is made by pancreatic cells and secreted from those cells. Starting with a sample of pancreatic cells, a researcher modified the gene that en...

Q: As described in experimental question E2 and also in Chapter 21,

As described in experimental question E2 and also in Chapter 21, the technique of Northern blotting can be used to detect the level of transcription of a specific RNA. Draw the results you would expec...

Q: A researcher identified a mutation in PR of phage λ that causes

A researcher identified a mutation in PR of phage λ that causes its transcription rate to be increased 10-fold. Do you think this mutation would favor the lytic or lysogenic cycle? Explain your answer...

Q: Chapter 21 describes a method known as Western blotting that can be

Chapter 21 describes a method known as Western blotting that can be used to detect a polypeptide that is translated from a particular mRNA. In this method, a particular polypeptide or protein is detec...

Q: Discuss ways to distinguish whether a particular form of cancer involves an

Discuss ways to distinguish whether a particular form of cancer involves an inherited predisposition or is due strictly to (postzygotic) somatic mutations. In your answer, consider that only one mutat...

Q: Would a genetic mutation that affected a woman's Fallopian tubes be considered

Would a genetic mutation that affected a woman's Fallopian tubes be considered a sex-limited trait or a sex-influenced trait?

Q: The sequence of a gene on the mRNA is normally AUGCCCGACUUU.

The sequence of a gene on the mRNA is normally AUGCCCGACUUU. A point mutation in the gene results in the mRNA sequence AUGCCGGACUUU. What are the amino acid sequences of the normal and mutant proteins...

Q: Which is more likely to be a silent mutation, a point

Which is more likely to be a silent mutation, a point mutation or a deletion mutation? Explain your reasoning.

Q: Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions

Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraor...

Q: Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions

Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraor...

Q: Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions

Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraor...

Q: Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions

Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraor...

Q: Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions

Autism is a neurobiological disorder with symptoms that include impaired social interactions and repetitive, stereotyped patterns of behavior. Around 10 percent of autistic people also have an extraor...

Q: An anticodon has the sequence GCG. What amino acid does this

An anticodon has the sequence GCG. What amino acid does this tRNA carry? What would be the effect of a mutation that changed the C of the anticodon to a G?

Q: According to an article in Science News, binge eating has been

According to an article in Science News, binge eating has been associated with a mutation of the gene for a brain protein called melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R). In one study, F. Horber of the Hirsland...