Question: Describe the imbalance in gene products that

> What feature of the –10 sequence makes it easy to unwind?

> What do the terms epistasis and complementation mean?

> Why is it necessary for portions of σ-factor protein to fit into the major groove?

> What does the term consensus sequence mean?

> What are three functional roles of the 7-methlyguanosine cap?

> A pre-mRNA with 7 exons and 6 introns is recognized by just one splicing repressor that binds to the 3´ end of the third intron. The third intron is located between exon 3 and exon 4. After splicing is complete, would you expect the mRNA to contain exon

> Describe the roles of snRNPs in the splicing process.

> Which of these three mechanisms is very common in eukaryotes?

> If a mutation changed the start codon into a stop codon, would this mutation affect the length of the RNA? Explain.

> Does the oxygen in the newly made ester bond come from the phosphate or from the sugar?

> Is DNA strand breakage necessary for catenane separation?

> What is the advantage of having the replication machinery in a complex?

> What is the key difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy?

> Describe the differences in the synthesis of the leading and lagging strands

> Is the template strand read in the 5′ to 3′ or the 3′ to 5′ direction?

> Look ahead to Figure 11.9. Why is primase needed for DNA replication? From Figure 11.9: 5 3' Cannot link nucleotides - 3 5' in this direction 5 3 Can link nucleotides w/ 3 5 ' in this direction in

> How many replication forks are formed at the origin?

> What are the functions of the AT-rich region and DnaA boxes?

> Explain what the word nondisjunction means.

> Describe what happens to cohesin from the beginning of prophase through anaphase.

> Describe what structural changes convert a chromosomal region that is 300 nm in diameter to one that is 700 nm in diameter.

> How many times would telomerase have to bind to a different site in the telomere to make a segment of DNA that is 36 nucleotides in length?

> Why do eukaryotes need multiple origins of replication?

> What is a functional consequence of RNA editing?

> What features of the structure of DNA enable it to be replicated?

> What is the function of the nuclear matrix?

> Describe the distinguishing features of the solenoid and zigzag models.

> What is the diameter of a nucleosome?

> What are two reasons for the wide variation in genome sizes among eukaryotic species?

> What are some differences between the types of sequences found in eukaryotic chromosomes versus bacterial chromosomes?

> In your own words, describe the step that requires the use of ATP.

> Why is strand separation beneficial?

> How many nucleoids are in this bacterial cell? 0.3 um

> Would you expect to find active genes in regions of heterochromatin or euchromatin?

> Explain why release factors are called “molecular mimics”.

> What is a chromosome territory?

> What types of sequences constitute most of a bacterial genome?

> What are the base-pairing rules for RNA?

> What types of bonds hold nucleotides together in an RNA strand?

> What are the structural differences between B DNA and Z DNA?

> Describe the major and minor grooves.

> What holds the DNA strands together?

> Which components of nucleotides form the backbone of a DNA strand?

> Which of these components of nucleotides are not found in DNA?

> What was the purpose of adding RNase or protease to a DNA extract?

> What is the role of peptidyl transferase during the elongation stage?

> Explain why a triploid individual is usually infertile.

> What are some common advantages of polyploidy in plants?

> Approximately how many copies of chromosome 2 are found in a polytene chromosome in Drosophila?

> Explain why the mouse in part (d) died.

> What adjectives can be used to describe a fruit fly that has a total of seven chromosomes because it is missing one copy of chromosome 3?

> Explain why these chromosomes form a translocation cross during prophase of meiosis I.

> If these segregation patterns are equally likely, what is the probability that a gamete produced by the individual who carries the translocated chromosome will result in a viable offspring with a normal phenotype?

> Which of these two mechanisms might be promoted by the presence of the same transposable element in many places in a species’ genome?

> Explain why these homologous chromosomes can synapse only if an inversion loop forms.

> Why does a bacterial mRNA bind specifically to the small ribosomal subunit?

> In this example, what is the underlying cause of nonallelic homologous recombination?

> Why is a chromosomal fragment without a centromere subsequently lost and degraded?

> Which of these changes in chromosome structure alter the total amount of genetic material?

> Why is it useful to stain chromosomes?

> Transduction is sometimes described as a mistake in the bacteriophage reproductive cycle. Explain how it can be viewed as a mistake.

> Which of these two genes is closer to the origin of transfer?

> Why is the scale of this map in minutes?

> With regard to the timing of conjugation, explain why the recipient cell at the top right is pro−, whereas the recipient cell in the bottom right is pro+.

> How is an F′ factor different from an F factor?

> What are the functions of relaxase, coupling factor, and the exporter in the process of conjugation?

> Explain how mRNA plays a role in all three stages of translation.

> Which disease occurs when homogentisic acid oxidase is defective?

> What is the role of the shipping document in invoicing customers? What are the most important management assertions related to customer billing?

> Ann Donnelly is a senior audit manager in an East Coast office of a public accounting firm. Her prospects for promotion to partner are excellent if she continues to perform at the same high-quality level as in the past. Ann was recently married, and she

> Barbara Whitley had great expectations about her future as she sat in her graduation ceremony in May 2018. She was about to receive her Master of Accounting degree, and in the next week she would begin her career on the audit staff of Green, Thresher & C

> The information technology (IT) department at Jacobsons, Inc., consists of eight employees, including the IT manager, Melinda Cullen. Cullen is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of the IT function and reports to Jacobsons’ chief operating officer

> McClain Plastics has been an audit client of Belcor, Rich, Smith & Barnes, CPAs (BRS&B), for several years. McClain Plastics was started by Evers McClain, who owns 51 percent of the company’s stock. The balance is owned by about 20 stockholders, who are

> The Maguire Pharmaceutical Company, a drug manufacturer, has the following internal controls for billing and recording accounts receivable: 1. An incoming customer’s purchase order is received in the order department by a clerk who prepares a prenumbered

> Auditors develop overall audit plans to ensure that they obtain sufficient appropriate audit evidence. The timing and extent of audit procedures auditors use is a matter of professional judgment, which depends upon a number of factors. Decisions about th

> The following are examples of audit procedures: 1. Watch employees count inventory to determine whether company procedures are being followed. 2. Count a sample of inventory items and record the amount in the audit files. 3. Calculate the ratio of sales

> Most grocery stores use bar code scanning technologies that interface with cash registers used to process customer purchases. Cashiers use the scanners to read bar code labels attached to each product, which the system then uses to obtain unit prices, ca

> Discuss changes in accounting and business operations over the last decade that have increased the need for independent audits.

> The following are audit procedures from different transaction cycles: 1. Examine sales invoices for evidence of internal verification of prices, quantities, and extensions. 2. Select items from the client’s perpetual inventory records and examine the ite

> The following are audit procedures from different transaction cycles: 1. Trace a sample of shipping documents to entry in the sales journal. 2. Examine a sample of warehouse removal slips for signature of authorized official. 3. Examine contract terms fo

> Internal controls 1 through 5 were tested in prior audits. Evaluate each internal control independently and determine which controls must be tested in the current year’s audit of the December 31, 2019, financial statements. Be sure to explain why testing

> This problem requires the use of ACL software, which can be accessed through the textbook website. Information about downloading and using ACL and the commands used in this problem can also be found on the textbook website. You should read all of the ref

> The SEC issues Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAERs) summarizing SEC actions concerning civil lawsuits brought by the SEC in federal court and related settlements from administrative proceedings. Visit the SEC’s website (www.sec.gov) and l

> Following are 10 key internal controls in the payroll cycle for Gilman Stores, Inc. Key Controls 1. To input hours workedpayroll accounting personnel input the employee’s identification number. The system does not allow input of hours worked for invalid

> The following are independent situations for which you will recommend an appropriate audit report on internal control over financial reporting as required by PCAOB auditing standards: 1. During interim testing, the auditor identified and communicated to

> Anthony Liu, CPA, prepared the flowchart on the next page that portrays the raw materials purchasing function of one of Anthony’s clients, Medium-Sized Manufacturing Company, from the preparation of initial documents through the vouching of invoices for

> Mark Hopper is planning the audit of the investments account for audit client Garden Supply Co. (GSC). GSC invests excess cash at the end of the summer sales season through an investment manager who invests in equity and debt securities for GSCâ&#1

> This problem requires the use of ACL software, which can be accessed through the textbook website. Information about downloading and using ACL and the commands used in this problem can also be found on the textbook website. You should read all of the ref

> What is the role of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)? How does the PCAOB provide oversight of audit firms?

> The following audit procedures are included in the audit program because of heightened risks of material misstatements due to fraud. 1. Use audit software to search purchase transactions to identify any with nonstandard vendor numbers or with vendor name

> Your new audit client, Hardwood Lumber Company, has a computerized accounting system for all financial statement cycles. During planning, you visited with the information systems vice president and learned that personnel in information systems are assign

> This problem requires you to access PCAOB Auditing Standards (pcaobus.org) to answer each of the following questions. You can access those standards by viewing content found under the link “Standards.” Review PCAOB auditing standards related to the audit

> The following are misstatements that can occur in the sales and collection cycle: 1. A customer order was filled and shipped to a former customer, which had already filed for bankruptcy. 2. For a sale, a data entry operator erroneously failed to enter th

> The division of the following duties is meant to provide the best possible controls for the Meridian Paint Company, a small wholesale store: †1. Approve credit for customers included in the customer credit master file. †2. Input shipping and billing info

> The following are misstatements that have occurred in Fresh Foods Grocery Store, a retail and wholesale grocery company: 1. On the last day of the year, a truckload of beef was set aside for shipment but was not shipped. Because it was still on hand, the

> The following are internal controls related to various cycles. 1. Checks are signed by the company president, who compares the checks with the underlying supporting documents. 2. Sales invoices are matched with shipping documents by the computer system a

> Why is it important to distinguish the auditor’s assessment of the risk of material misstatement due to fraud from the assessment of the risk of material misstatement due to error?

> Indicate the four phases of the audit process. In which phase does the auditor perform tests of controls?

> What are the benefits derived from planning audits?

> Identify two examples of acts or behavior by CPAs that would be considered acts discreditable to the profession.